(Test Bank) Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist

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4th Edition

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TESTBANKSELLER.COM Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist 4th Edition Beatty Test Bank Chapter 01: People's Health: An Introduction Beatty: Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 4th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following statements differentiates dental public health from the private practice of dentistry? a. Dental public health is funded by the government, but private practice is not. b. Dental public health is the form of dental practice that serves the community as the patient rather than the individual. c. Dental public health does not concern assessment of treatment needs as does private practice. d. Dental public health is concerned solely with prevention rather than treatment of disease. ANS: B Dental public health is the form of dental practice that serves the community as the patient rather than the individual. It is concerned with the dental education of the public, with applied dental research, and with the administration of group dental care programs, as well as prevention and control of dental diseases on a community basis. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 1 -2 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 2. Which of the following terms refers to the effort that is organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the health and quality of life? a. Class structure b. Population demographics c. Social stratification d. Public health ANS: D Both public health and community health refer to this societal effort. Public health is concerned with lifestyle and behavior, the environment, human biology, and organizations of health programs and systems. The public pertains to the community, state, or nation. Public health is people’s health. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 1 -2 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 3. Public health problems must meet the criteria that they are a condition or situation that is a widespread actual or potential cause of morbidity or mortality and that: a. they have been proven a valid concern by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). b. funding to treat or cure the condition is not available at the local or state level. c. they do not qualify for treatment as an orphan drug. d. there is an existing perception that the condition is a public health problem on the part of the public, the government, or public health authorities. ANS: D There must be an existing perception that the condition is a public health problem. The history of public health demonstrates that after the problem has been identified and knowledge and expertise have been developed to solve the problem, the community mus t unify to find social and political support to proceed with the public health solutions. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 2 -3 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 4. Which of the following is a public health problem rather than a public health solution? a. Immunizations b. Fluoridation of drinking water c. Chronic diseases of the expanding population of older adults d. Seat belts and air bags ANS: C Diseases caused by pollution of the country’s air and water systems, chronic diseases of the expanding population of older adults, inadequate funding for dental disease in indigent children, and an increase in violence among youth of today are all viewed as public health problems. Public health solutions are concerned with health promotion and disease prevention. They address the problems of the community at large. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 5. Which of the following repTreEsSenTtsBoAnNe KofStEheLcLhEarRac.teCrOisMtics of public health solutions? a. A long implementation period demonstrates conscientious planning. b. Potency should be maintained for a short time in the event that problems require retooling. c. Socioeconomic status should limit distribution to those who can most easily carry the cost burden. d. They should be effective immediately upon application. ANS: D The seven characteristics of public health solutions are as follows: not hazardous to life or function, effective in reducing or preventing the targeted disease or condition, easily and efficiently implemented, potency maintained for a substantial time period, attainable regardless of socioeconomic status, effective immediately upon application, and inexpensive and within the means of the community. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 6. Which of the following dental treatment modalities meets all seven characteristics of public health solutions needed to be considered an effective treatment for dental decay? a. Glass ionomer restorative material b. Stainless steel crown c. Community water fluoridation d. Dental amalgam ANS: C Community water fluoridation meets all the seven characteristics to be considered an effective solution to the problem of dental decay. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 1 -11 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 7. Community water fluoridation: a. reaches all people, regardless of socioeconomic status. b. requires several years of application before positive effects can be measured. c. proves to be more of a financial burden than restorative treatment . d. only meets five of the seven characteristics considered to be an effective solution to the problem of dental decay. ANS: A Community water fluoridation has proven to be a safe, cost -effective solution for reducing dental decay in children. It reaches all people regardless of socioeconomic status. It is effective immediately upon initiation and costs far less than the financial burden of restorative treatment. It meets all the seven characteristics to be considered an effective solution to the problem of dental decay. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 8. Which of the following best describes the prevalence of dental disease as a dental health problem? a. Highest among older adults b. 80% in children aged 2 -11 c. Highest in 13- to 19-year-olds d. Universal ANS: D Dent al diseases are universal, chronic problems that do not undergo remission if left untreated. For children aged 2-11, approximately 60% have had caries treated; 30% have untreated dental caries. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 9. What percentage of adults experience some form of facial pain? a. 25% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80% ANS: A Almost 25% of adults experience some form of facial pain, and toothaches are the most common pain of the mouth reported. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 10. What impact has fluoridated drinking water had on the rate of dental decay? a. Very little or no reduction b. A slight reduction c. A significant reduction d. A slight increase ANS: C Organized community efforts have brought fluoridated drinking water to more than 204 million people, and the results have shown a significant reduction in the amount of dental decay. Community water fluoridation is the perfect example of a dental public he alth solution to the problem of dental decay. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 4 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 11. Which of the following components in a public health plan correlate to those in a private practice setting? a. Examination, analysis, treatment planning, appraisal b. Survey, analysis, implementation, funding c. Survey, diagnosis, im pTleEmSenTtBatAioNn,KpSatEieLnLt eEvRal.uaCtOioMn d. Diagnosis program planning, implementation, fee payment ANS: B The relationship between the components in the private practice sector of patient, examination, diagnosis, treatment planning, fee payment, and patient education correlate to community, assessment, analysis, program planning, program implementation, funding, and program evaluation in public health programs. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 2 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 12. Which public health component is equivalent to diagnosis in private practice? a. Survey b. Analysis c. Program planning d. Program evaluation ANS: B Analysis is equivalent to diagnosis. The survey is equivalent to an examination, program planning is equivalent to treatment planning, and program evaluation is equivalent to patient evaluation. DIF: Comprehension|Recall REF: p. 2 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 13. The federal government’s role in participating in dental health –related activities falls under the jurisdiction of which of the following? a. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) b. Department of the Interior (DOI) c. Institute of Medicine (IOM) d. Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) ANS: A The federal government’s role in participating in dental health –related activities falls under the jurisdiction of the DHHS. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 14. Which of the following organizations published Healthy People 2020 ? a. World Health Organization (WHO) b. Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) c. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) d. National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS) ANS: C The DHHS published Healthy People 2020. It lists health objectives for the United States, including oral health, that need to be achieved by the year 2030. DIF: Recall REF: p. 7 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 15. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is an operating agency under which of the following? a. National Institutes of Health (NIH) b. Public Health Service (PHS) c. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) d. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) ANS: B The CDC, HRSA, NIH, NIDCR, and AHRQ are all operating agencies under the Public Health Service (PHS). The PHS, in turn, is one of four major agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). DIF: Recall REF: p. 5|Figure 1 -1 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 16. Fewer data have been collected to determine oral health needs in recent years because of which of the following? a. Needs have not changed since the early 1970s. b. There has been a decline in funding at all levels. c. All goals established in the year 2000 have been met. d. Societal stratification has made it difficult to gather useful information. ANS: B As a result of a decline in funding at all levels, there has been less public health involvement at the local level in recent years, and fewer data have been collected to determine the needs. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 17. According to the plan, the next version of Healthy People 2020 will be Healthy People to be released in which year? a. 2021 b. 2023 c. 2025 d. 2030 ANS: D Healthy People 2020 reflects assessments of major risks to health and wellness, changing public health priorities, and emerging issues related to our nation’s health preparedness and prevention. Healthy People 2020 provides a framework to address risk factors and determinants of health and the diseases and disorders that affect our communities. Oral health is included with objectives and guidance for reaching the new 10 -year targets. The next version will be Healthy People 2030. DIF: Recall REF: p. 7 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTTEHS/RTEBSAENAKRCSHELPRLIENRCI.PCLEOSM2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 18. What three core public health functions were identified in an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report in 1998? a. Determination, analysis, recapitulation b. Assessment, policy development, assurance c. Delineation, program development, analysis d. Stratification, process, modification ANS: B The core public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance were identified in an IOM report in 1988. This report states that the core public health functions were developed to protect and promote health, wellness, and quality of life and to prevent disease, injury, disability, and death. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 7 -8 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 19. Which of the following was listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as one of the 10 greatest public health accomplishments of the twentieth century? a. Reduction in edentulism of Americans older than 65 years of age from 25% to less than 5% b. Fluoride in drinking water c. Dental sealants to prevent decay in pits and fissures d. Advances in the treatment of adult periodontitis ANS: B Fluoride in drinking water reaches 144 million people safely and is an inexpensive method of preventing tooth decay independently of a person’s socioeconomic status. DIF: Recall REF: p. 1 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 20. Dentists become recognized specialists in the field of dental public health through specialty certification with the American Board of Dental Health. In most states, dental hygienists have no required formal or specialty education. a. Both answers are true. b. Both answers are false. c. The first answer is true; the second answer is false. d. The first answer is false; the second answer is true. ANS: A Both answers are true, although some dental hygienists have pursued advanced degrees in public health or community health. DIF: Application REF: p. 12 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 21. The organization that repoTrteEdStThaBt AthNe KlaSteEstLdLatEaRin.dCicOatMe that dent al care is one of the greatest unmet needs among children in the United States is which of the following? a. ADHA b. CDC c. OSHA d. PEW ANS: D Pew Charitable Trusts Dental Policy reports that the latest data from 2013 indicate that dental care is one of the greatest unmet needs among children in the United States. To solve this problem, Pew advocates the following: (1) ensuring that coverage from Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) leads to real care, (2) increasing the number of oral health professionals who can provide high -quality dental care to low -income children, and (3) authorizing dental therapists to extend dental care to underserved populations. DIF: Recall REF: p. 9 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 22. Which of the following credentials was approved by the American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA) in 2004 to address the problem of access to oral health care? a. Dental Health Aide Therapist (DHAT) b. Community Dental Health Coordinator (CDHC) c. Advanced Dental Hygiene Practitioner (ADHP) d. Advanced Dental Therapist (ADT) TESTBANKSELLER.COM ANS: C The ADHA House of Delegates approved the creation of the ADHP in June 2004. This credential is designed to allow dental hygienists to provide diagnostic, restorative, and therapeutic services directly to the public. This credential is being developed to improve and enhance the oral health care delivery system. DIF: Recall REF: p. 11 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 23. In 2009, Minnesota became the first state to approve the licensing of which of the following health care providers? a. Dental Health Aide Therapist b. Community Dental Health Coordinator c. Advanced Dental Hygiene Practitioner d. Advanced Therapist ANS: D Minnesota’s law created a dental -based dental therapist who will work with a dentist on -site and a dental hygiene -based advanced dental therapist based on ADHA’s model for the ADHP, who will work under a collaborative practice agreement with an off -site dentist. DIF: Recall REF: p. 12 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 24. Which of the following defines community health? a. The health status of a defined group within a population b. The health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of the outcomes within the group c. A health problem perceived by the public d. It cannot be defined, as it differs for each study ANS: A Community health has traditionally referred to the health status of a defined group within the population and the actions and conditions that improve and protect the health of the community. Population health has been defined as the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group, a definition that focuses on the implicit goal of improving health outcomes in the concept population health. DIF: Recall REF: p. 2 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 25. Which of the following defines population health? a. The health status of a defined group within a population b. The health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of the outcomes within th e group c. A health problem perceived by the public d. It cannot be defined, as it differs with each study ANS: B Population health has been defined as the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group, a definition that focuses on the implicit goal of improving health outcomes in the concept population health. Community health has traditionally referred to the health status of a defined group within the population and the actions and conditions that improve and protect the health of the community. DIF: Recall REF: p. 2 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 26. Which of the following would NOT be considered a measurement of SES? a. Occupation b. Disease c. Wealth d. Residence ANS: C Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important concept in public health. SES is the social standing or position of a person or group in a community or society on a social –economic scale. It is measured by factors such as education, type of occupation, income, wealth, and place of residence. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 27. The National Health AgenTdaEaSimTsBtAoNinKcSreEasLeLthEeRp.erCceOnMtage of the popula tion with access to fluoridated community water systems from 75% to 80% by what year? a. 2020 b. 2025 c. 2030 d. 2045 ANS: A The National Health Agenda aims to increase the percentage of the population with access to optimally fluoridated community water systems from the current 75% to 80% by 2020. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 28. Which of the following is NOT being applied toward the goal of freeing communities from dental disease? a. Knowledge b. Resources c. Community awareness d. Assessment and evaluation ANS: B The knowledge exists, but because of restraints and a lack of resources, this knowledge is not being applied toward the goal of communities free from dental disease. DIF: Recall REF: p. 9 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 29. One of the greatest unmet health needs among children in the United States is which of the following? a. Adequate nutrition b. Eyesight correction c. Dental care d. Treatment for attention deficit disorder ANS: C Pew Charitable Trusts Dental Policy reports that the latest data from 2013 indicate that dental care is one of the greatest unmet needs among children in the United States. DIF: Recall REF: p. 9 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Parti cipating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 30. The “Be Part of the Change” campaign, established by the ADHA and the Oral Cancer Foundation, is an example of which of the following? a. Increased access to care b. Interprofessional collaboration c. Private practice and public health programming d. Private sector initiative ANS: B An example of interprofessional collaboration at the organizational level is a new program, “Be Part of the Change” campaign. The ADHA and the Oral Cancer Foundation have partnered in an effort to spread awareness of oral cancer to help early detection by dental and medical practitioners. DIF: Recall REF: p. 9 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 31. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed in 2010, will impact dental care in which of the following ways? a. Challenge the current capacity of the dental workforce. b. Require collaboration between oral health professionals and other interest groups. c. Increase the number of individuals covered by Medica id. d. Challenge the dental workforce capacity, require oral health care workforce collaboration within and externally, increase the numbers covered by Medicaid. ANS: D An estimated 11 million to 24 million children and non -elderly adults will gain access to dental coverage by 2018, many of them through Medicaid. This will not only challenge the capacity of the current dental workforce but will require innovative, effecti ve, and efficient ways to increase the workforce so that the necessary dental care can be provided. Oral health professionals will need to collaborate with other interest groups to identify cost -effective solutions that are agreeable to all communities of interest. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 9 -10 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 32. The public perception of a health problem is which of the following? a. Accurate and infectious disease focused b. Inadequate, as the spectrum of health issues is more vast and extensive than realized. c. Increase the number of individuals covered by Medicaid. d. Challenge the dental workforce capacity, require oral health care workforce collaboration within and externally, increase the numbers covered by Medicaid. ANS: D The public health problem, as perceived by the public, usually brings to mind an infectious disease such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or the swine flu (N1H1). The spectrum of problems, however, is vast and more extensive than one might first realize. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 33. The number of children affected by violence each year is which of the following? a. More than 1 billion b. Less than 1 billion c. 750 million d. One third of the child population ANS: A More than 1 billion children —half of all children in the world —are victims of violence each year. These children are at greater risk for common and destructive, yet entirely preventable consequences, including HIV infection, chronic diseases, crime, and drug abuse, as well as serious mental health problems. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 34. Stigma and complacency are among the most insidious opponents in fighting against which disease? a. Rape b. HIV c. Cardiovascular disease d. Violence ANS: B In the fight against HIV, stigma and complacency are among our most insidious opponents. Rape is not a disease. Nearly 800,000 people die in the United States each year from cardiovascular disease, accounting for one in three deaths and more than $300 billion in direct medical costs and lost productivity, but this disease does not have the sti gma that HIV carries. Violence is not a disease. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 35. Multiple chronic conditions affect what percentage of all Americans? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 55% ANS: B More than 25% of all Americans and two thirds of older Americans have multiple chronic conditions, which account for more deaths than acute illnesses and infectious diseases; treatment for older adults accounts for 66% of the country’s health care budget. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 36. Impacting oral health to address the multifactorial nature of oral disease will require which of the following? a. Research b. Cost to benefit ratio c. Interprofessional collaboration d. Closer relationships with third -party carriers of insurance ANS: C Impacting o ral health will TreEquSiTreBgAreNatKerSiEntLerLpEroRfe.ssCioOnMal collabo ration to address the multifactorial nature of oral diseases. Developing alliances with other health care professionals can influence oral health in two ways. Dental professionals can impact the lives of these patients from a total health perspective. In addition, other health care professionals can become aware of the effect of oral health on the systemic conditions they are treating, and vice versa. Interprofessional partnerships have the potential to change the perception of oral health and overcome barriers to optimize preventive care. Research is one aspect of addressing the problems, as is understanding t he cost to benefit ratio of programs. Closer relationships with third -party insurance carriers are not likely to impact the multifactorial nature of oral disease. DIF: Recall REF: p. 9 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 37. The organization that cosponsored an initiative to develop core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice is which of the following? a. ADEA b. ADHA c. ADA d. ADHP ANS: A In 2011, ADEA cosponsored an initiative to develop core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice (ICP) to prepare all health professionals to be able to function successfully in a collaborative model. These competencies can be used to further develop interprofessional education in dental schools and dental hygiene programs to pr epare oral health professionals to participate in ICP. DIF: Recall REF: p. 11 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 38. Which of the following agencies administers the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program? a. CDC b. ACF c. DOD d. USDA ANS: D The USDA administers the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program through the Food and Nutrition Service. Local WIC programs provide nutritional foods, education, screening, and referrals, including dental care and education for eligible women who are pregnant, are breastfeeding, or have young children under age 5. DIF: Recall REF: p. 5|Box 1-1 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following are criteria for identifying public health problems? ( Select all that apply. ) a. Capacity to implement control measures b. Communicability c. Cost of procedures d. International requirements e. Economics ANS: A, B, D, E The capacity to implement control measures, communicability, international requirements, and economics are among the many factors used to identify public health problems. The cost of procedures is not factored into the equation. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 2. Public health services and public health services to promote oral health are organized around which of the following essential elements? (Select all that apply. ) a. Assessment b. Evaluation c. Policy development d. Orientation e. Assurance f. Confidentiality ANS: A, C, F The essential public health services and public health services to promote oral health are organized around the core functions of public health: assessment, policy development, and assurance. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 7 -8 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs degree Chapter 02: Careers in Public Health for the Dental Hygienist Beatty: Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 4th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the number of years a dental hygiene curriculum has been in existence? a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100 ANS: D Dr. Alfred Fones started the Fones School of Dental Hygiene in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1913. Dr. Fones developed a curriculum for dental hygienists who began work within the Bridgeport Public School system. DIF: Application REF: p. 18 OBJ: 1 TOP: PROVISION OF CLINICAL DENTAL HYGIENE SERVICES 7.0 Professional Responsibility, 7.4 General 2. Which of the following represents the correct rank order, starting with the lowest advanced degree that a dental hygienist working in public health may attain? a. Master’s degree, Associate’s degree or certificate, Doctorate degree, Bachelor’s degree b. Assoc iate’s degree or cTeErtiSfiTcaBteA, NMKaSstEerL’sLdEegRr.eeC, OBaMchelor’s degree, Doctorate c. Associate’s degree or certificate, Bachelor’s degree, Master’s degree, Doctorate degree d. Bachelor’s degree, Associate’s degree or certificate, Master’s degree, Doctorate degree ANS: C In the public health field, some dental hygienists have an Associate’s degree or certificate, a Bachelor’s degree, a Master’s degree, a Doctorate degree. Many dental hygienists with advanced degrees wor king in public health began their public health careers with the minimum level of education. They chose to continue their education as their interests developed, their challenges expanded, and their desire grew to do more for the oral health of their commu nity. DIF: Recall REF: p. 19 OBJ: 1 TOP: PROVISION OF CLINICAL DENTAL HYGIENE SERVICES 7.0 Professional Responsibility, 7.4 General 3. In private practice, the individual patient is your focus; in public health, your patient is which of the following? a. Legislature b. Community c. Colleague d. Department of Social Services ANS: B The community is your patient. Your responsibilities will advance beyond individual clinical care, although in many positions, individual care still remains a very important duty. Public health takes you into the realm of program development, implementatio n, and evaluation and offers an opportunity to work with various populations, other professionals, agencies, financing mechanisms, and rules and regulations. DIF: Recall REF: p. 19 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 4. According to a national report (Oral Health in America ), the Surgeon General revealed which of the following type of disparity among specific groups in oral health status and access to dental care? a. Negligible b. Slight c. Moderate d. Profound ANS: D There are profound disparities among specific groups in oral health status and access to dental care in the United States. Federal agencies and state governments are addressing these gaps in access to oral health care through legislation and policy development. DIF: Application REF: p. 19 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Partic ipating in Community Prog rams, 2.1 Assessing PopTulEatSioTnsBaAndNDKeSfiEniLngLOEbRje.ctCivOesM 5. At the 2009 Access to Dental Care Summit, the American Dental Association (ADA) listed which of the following along with nationwide evaluation, standards, and regulations as a long-term strategy for improving access to dental care for underserved populations? a. Expansion and distribution of a well-trained workforce b. Construction of a network of community centers similar to the VA’shospitals c. Fluoridation of salt d. Expansion in both the number and size of existing dental schools ANS: A The ADA listed an expansion and distribution of a well -trained workforce as a long -term strategy in improving access to dental care for underserved populations. Under this heading, midlevel providers in dentistry were discussed, and models are being develo ped and reviewed. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 23 -25|Table 2 -3 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 6. One of the guiding principles for creating access to oral health care through legislation and policy development is to encourage which of the following? a. Restriction of funding for dental services b. Increasing the scope of dental hygienists’ duties c. Compliance with repayment of educational loans d. Elimination of dental benefits through existing public insurance programs ANS: B Increasing the scope of dental hygienists’ duties, allocating additional funds for dental services, extending educational loans and loan forgiveness for dental professionals, and additional dental benefits through existing public insurance programs are all facets of the guiding principles for creating access to health care through legislation a nd policy development. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 20|Guiding Principles box OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 7. Public health settings are categorized as which of the following types of practice settings? a. Expanded b. Modified c. Alternative d. Distributive ANS: C Public health settings are categorized as alternative practice settings. Examples of this type of setting are a community clinic, a mobile van, a school, a hospital, and a nursing home. Dental hygienists can provide preventive services in these settings, r eaching large numbers of people who might not otherwise receive care. DIF: Recall REF: p. 20 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 8. Which of the following is an example of primary prevention? a. An amalgam restoration b. Dentures c. Dental prophylaxis d. Implants ANS: C Dental prophylaxis, sealants, and water fluoridation are examples of primary prevention. Primary prevention prevents disease before it occurs. This level includes health education, disease prevention, and health protection. Restorations such as amalgams and composites are examples of secondary prevention, which eliminates or reduces diseases in the early stages. Dentures, implants, and bridge work are examples of tertiary prevention. This level is the most costly and requires highly trained professionals to treat the disease. DIF: Recall REF: p. 21|Table 2 -1 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 9. Which of the following is one solution to the access to care problem adopted by many states? a. Opened new dental hygiene programs b. Increased funding to construct new community treatment facilities c. Changed restrictive dental practice acts d. Supported the development of new mass transit systems ANS: C As a solution to the access problem, many states have changed restrictive dental practice acts that prevent the dental hygienist from practicing without the supervision of a dentist and that prevent dental hygienists from receiving direct reimbursement from third -party payers, such as Medicaid or private dental insurers. DIF: Application REF: p. 45 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 10. In the state of Washington, a dental hygieni st may practice unsupervised in hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, group homes, state institutions, and public health facilities provided the hygienist meets the requirements of clinical experience and which of the following? a. Files a treatment plan with the Washington State Department of Public Health b. Refers to the dentist for treatment c. Meets all infection control requirements d. Passes an examination administered by the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB) ANS: B Dental hygienists in Washington must refer to the dentist for treatment. DIF: Recall REF: p. 22 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 11. In addition to the d entist anTdEdSeTntBalAhNygKiSenEisLt LwEorRk.foCrcOeMnumbers, which of the following i s useful in determining professional shortage areas? a. Number of dental assistants b. Number of recent graduates c. Percentage of water fluoridation d. Population size ANS: D The workforce numbers, compared with population size, are useful in determining professional shortage areas and the need for community oral health programs. Inadequate access to healt h care caused by professional shortages and geographic and financial barriers prevents people from attaining improved health status and improved quality of life. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 22 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 12. Which of the following is a term for a clinical medical professional who provides patient care under the supervision of a physician? a. Midlevel provider b. Adjunct provider c. Ancillary provider d. Apprentice provider ANS: A In the medical field, a midlevel provider is a term for a clinical medical professional who provides patient care under the supervision of a physician. Examples of midlevel providers are nurse practitioners and physician assistants. These professionals have advanced medical training but not on the level of physicians. DIF: Recall REF: p. 22 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 13. Which of the following is true of a midlevel provider workforce model? a. Midlevel providers work independent of medical supervision. b. This model fills an unmet need, but at a higher cost. c. Applica tions in dentistry include oral health care for underserved populations. d. This model is associated with higher cost with lower quality care. ANS: C Various models of workforce delivery are being developed to alleviate all these problems of access to oral health care for underserved populations, and the midlevel provider has a direct application in dentistry. Initial reports describe the same cost -reduction benefits as seen in medicine, while maintaining the high quality of dental care that is provided by dentists in this country. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 22 -23 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 14. Which of the following groTuEpSs oTfBpAeoNpKleSiEs mLLosEt Rvu.lnCeOraMble to the bu rden of oral disease? a. Immigrants b. Elderly people c. Nonnative speakers of English d. Minority children from families with moderate incomes ANS: B Oral disease is spread unevenly throughout the population, with minority children from low-income families and the elderly population being the most vulnerable. DIF: Recall REF: p. 19 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 15. Which of the following indicates the number of countries worldwide that have developed dental therapist programs to meet the dental needs of the people in their countries? a. <10 b. <30 c. >50 d. >70 ANS: C More than 50 countries worldwide have developed dental therapist programs. In 1921, the dental therapist program —then called the dental nurse program —was first introduced in New Zealand. DIF: Recall REF: p. 26 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 16. Although the services provided by dental therapists vary from country to country, most include preventive measures, emergency treatment, and which of the following? a. Surgical extractions b. Basic restorative procedures c. Dental implants d. Root canals ANS: B Although the services vary by country, most include basic restorative procedures, emergency treatment, and preventive measures. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 26 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 17. The supervision status of a dental therapist providing preventive procedures, emergency care, and basic restorative procedures in Alaska is which of the following? a. Work under direct supervision b. Work under general supervision c. Work under assignment d. Do not require supervision ANS: B Dental therapists in Alaska, called dental health aide therapists (DHATs), complete 2 years of training and work under the general supervision of dentists. They provide services to the most isolated rural regions of Alaska, where little to no care was prov ided previously. DIF: Recall REF: p. 26 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 18. Which of the following models of health care delivery was proposed by the American Dental Association (ADA)? a. Dental health aide therapist (DHAT) b. Community dental health coordinator (CDHC) c. Advanced dental hygiene practitioner (ADHP) d. Advanced dental therapist (ADT) ANS: B The ADA proposed the development of the CDHC to support the existing dental workforce in reaching out to underserved communities. CDHCs will work under the supervision of dentists to promote oral health for communities and to assist patients in navigating through the health care system to establish a dental home. DIF: Recall REF: p. 28 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 19. The length of a training program for a community dental health coordinator (CDHC) is which of the following? a. 12-month training program with a 6-month internship b. 24-month training program with a 6-month internship c. 12-month training program with no internship d. 24-month training program with no internship ANS: A CDHCs will work under the supervision of dentists to promote oral health for communities and to assist patients in navigating through the health care system to establish a dental home. They will complete a 12-mont h training program and a 6-month internship. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 23| Table 2 -3 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 20. Which of the following credentials will allow dental hygienists to provide diagnostic, preventive, restorative, and therapeutic services directly to the public without supervision by a dentist? a. Dental therapist (DT) b. Community dental health coordinator (CDH C) c. Dental health aide therapist (DHAT) d. Advanced dental hygiene practitioner (ADHP) ANS: D Dental hygienist s with the TAEDSHTPBcAreNdeKnStiEalLdLo EnoRt.hCavOeMto be sup ervised by a dentist. Dental hygienists who receive the ADHP credential will have graduated from an accredited dental hygiene program and will also have completed an American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) approved advanced educational curriculum. For a dental hygienist with the DT credential, a dentist is required to be present for the more complicated procedures, such as restorative procedures and extractions, but not required to be on site for prev entive services. CDHCs will work under the supervision of dentists. DHATs work under the general supervision of dentists. DIF: Recall REF: p. 27 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 21. How many dental hygiene roles, with public health being a component of each, have been designated by the American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA)? a. Three b. Five c. Seven d. Nine ANS: B The ADHA has designated five dental hygiene roles, with public health being a component of each. DIF: Recall REF: p. 31|Figure 2 -7 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 22. The American Dental Hygienists’ Association’s dental hygiene roles, with public health being a component of each, include clinician, educator, advocate, researcher, and which of the following? a. Moderator b. Administrator c. Expert d. Reviewer ANS: B The expanded coordination needed for community -wide oral health programs creates the need for a dental hygienist to be an administrator. In this role, the hygienist is an initiator who develops, organizes, and manages oral health programs to meet the needs of targeted groups of people. DIF: Application REF: p. 31|Figure 2 -7 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Impleme nting, and Evaluating Programs 23. A comprehensive application to the delivery of oral health care promotes a reattachment of oral health care and health care is which of the following? a. ICP b. IPE c. ADPT d. Public health career for dental professionals ANS: A A comprehensive application of ICP to the delivery of oral health care is being promoted to address the detachment of oral health care and health care. The purpose of this application is to encourage varied health occupations educational programs to incorporate interprofessional education (IPE) to inspire future practitioners to embrace ICP in order to improve the public’s oral health. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 29 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 24. States in which medical personnel in pediatric offices and clinics apply fluoride varnish to infant and toddler’s teeth is an example of which of the following? a. IPE b. ICP c. Competency -based ADEP d. Reviewer ANS: B Various activities have resulted in an increasing interest in ICP among primary medical care providers, oral health practitioners, and health care management professionals in the private and nonprofit sectors. Some examples of results of this interest incl ude the application of fluoride varnish by medical personnel in pediatric offices and clinics to infant and toddler patients’ teeth on a routine basis. DIF: Application REF: p. 30 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 25. National Children’s Dental Health Month is which of the following? a. February b. May c. October d. December ANS: B National Children’s Dental Health Month is February. Dental Hygiene Month is October. Both provide excellent opportunities for oral health educational activities. DIF: Recall REF: p. 33 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 26. Dental hygienists who serve on state dental boards are evaluating skills of recent graduates and are filling which of the following roles? a. Clinician b. Consumer advocate c. Educator d. Administrator ANS: B They are protecting the puTblEicSaTndBaAcNtinKgSaEsLcoLnEsuRm.eCr OadMvocate. The role of advocate may not be a full-time position but may be part of another role in the dental hygiene profession. Membership in the American Dental Hygienists’ Association guarantees a platform to be an advocate for dental hygiene. DIF: Recall REF: p. 34 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 27. In order to create the supply of dental hygienists to meet the future oral health care challenges, which of the following will need to occur? a. Licensing regulations will need to be removed. b. Preceptorships will need to be monitored closely. c. The scope of practice will need to be expanded. d. Education requirements will need to be reduced. ANS: C To meet the manpower need, in most states dental hygienists’ scope of practice (the procedures that a dental hygienist is permitted to practice according to the laws of the state) will need to be expan ded, and supervision requirements will need to be relaxed in order to be able to reach this potential. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 27 -28 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 28. Which of the following approaches is more effective and less costly and involves less technology? a. Tertiary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Primary prevention ANS: B There are different stages of prevention reflected in the various services provided by oral health practitioners. Services at the primary prevention stage are more effective, less costly, and involve less technology than those at the stages of secondary pr evention and tertiary prevention. Often, primary prevention strategies do not require a dentist, thus allowing the dental hygienist to work directly (unsupervised) with underserved populations to provide these primary preventive services. DIF: Recall REF: p. 20 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 29. The midlevel provider created by the ADHA in 2004 is which of the following? a. Dental technician b. Advanced dental hygiene supervisor c. Advanced dental hygiene practitioner d. Dental therapist ANS: C In June 2004, the ADHA House of Delegates, addressing the problem of access to oral health care, approved the conceptToEf SthTe BadAvNanKcSedEdLeLnEtaRl h.yCgiOeMne practition er (ADHP) workforce model as a midlevel oral health provider. The goal of this credential was to allow dental hygienists to provide diagnostic, preventive, restorative, and therapeutic services directly to the public, primarily in public health settings. DIF: Recall REF: p. 27 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 30. The midlevel provider proposed in 2015 by the ADHA differs from the ADHP in which of the following ways? a. Diminished scope of practice b. Requires the applicant to have taught one semester c. Does not carry the requirement of a Master’s degree d. Must work under supervision ANS: C In 2015 ADHA proposed a midlevel oral health practitioner, also a dental hygiene –based model and defined as “a licensed dental hygienist who has graduated from an accredited dental hygiene program and who provides primary oral health care directly to patie nts to promote and restore oral health through assessment, diagnosis, treatment, evaluation, and referral services.” This concept is similar to the ADHP, but without the requirement of a Master’s degree. DIF: Recall REF: p. 27 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 31. Which of the following terms refers to multiple health care workers from different disciplines working together with patients, families, and communities to deliver the highest quality of care? a. Intracollaborative programming b. Intraprofessional collaboration c. Interprofessional collaborative practice d. Group practice ANS: C One of the unique characteristics of public health practice is the use of interprofessional collaborative practice (ICP). According to the World Health Organization, ICP happens when multiple health workers from different professional backgrounds work toge ther with patients, families, and communities to deliver the highest quality of care. This method of practicing health care can enable the integration of oral health into overall health at the level of health care delivery. DIF: Recall REF: p. 28 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 32. Bright Futures Project, Oral Health Resources for Health Professionals, and Smiles for Life are examples of which of the following? a. Government -administered programs b. The result of public health lobbying c. Interprofessional resouTrcEesSdTeBveAloNpKeSd EtoLaLssEisRt .ICCPOM d. Initiatives of the ADHA ANS: C Interprofessional resources have been developed to assist with ICP. One example is the Bright Futures Project , a national health promotion initiative launched by HRSA’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Another example is a collaborative federal and state level initiative, Oral Health Resources for Health Professionals, that has made available oral health information geared to clinical medical practitioners. One more example is Smiles for Life, an online source of educational information for health professi onals produced by the Society of Teachers for Family Medicine. DIF: Recall REF: p. 28 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 33. The dental hygienist who directs the oral health unit of a state health department is fulfilling which of the following career paths? a. Advocate b. Administrator c. Corporate d. Entrepreneur ANS: B