(Test Bank) A Concise Introduction to Logic

Hurley, 11

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1 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Chapter1 TestA MULTIPLECHOICE INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonargumentsandidentifyingconclusions.Selectthebestanswerforeach. 1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men a nd women. Women today are workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typicalwoman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity consideredunpleasant.Today, with men workingles s,thegap is 90 minutes and growing. a. Argument;conclusion:Today...thegapis90minutesandgrowing. b. Nonargument. c. Argument;conclusion:Fortyyearsago...anactivityconsideredunpleasant. d. Argument;conclusion:Thereappearstobe...betweenmenandwomen. e. Argument; conclusion:Womentodayareworkingmoreandrelaxingless. ANS:D PTS:2 2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces othermetals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that r egulate blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions thattransmitelectrical impulsesinthebrai n,whichdiminishestheabilitytothinkandrecallinformation. AnneMarieHelmstine,"YourGuidetoChemistry" a. Argument; conclusion: It interfereswiththeproteins...andspermproduction. b. Argument;conclusion: Leadistoxic. c. Nonargument. d. Argument;conclusion:It preferentiallyreplacesothermetalsinbiochemicalreactions. e. Argument;conclusion: Leadalsodisplacescalcium...recallinformation. ANS:C PTS:2 3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes ofemotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who havethe capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capa city to follow the "right rule"whateverthesituation. DavidCooper, ValuePluralismandEthicalChoice a. Argument;conclusion: Inall communities...capacitytojudgewisely. b. Argument;conclusion: Aristotlefocusedonclarifyingtheconcept of virtueitself. c. Argument; conclusion:Theyhavethe capacitytofollow...thesituation. d. Argument;conclusion: Hearguedthatitwasvirtuous...werevices e. Nonargument. ANS:E PTS:2 4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount thesemerchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of 2 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY theiremployers and the amount of taxes these emplo yers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegalimmigrantscontribute nothingto the communitiesinwhichtheylive. a. Argument; conclusion: It isnot correct tosay...communitiesinwhichtheylive. 3 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY b. Argument; conclusion:Theyworkfor lowsalaries...theseemployerspay. c. Argument;conclusion:Illegal immigrantspay...SocialSecuritytax. d. Argument; conclusion:They also purchaseitems... payintaxes. e. Nonargument. ANS:A PTS:2 5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over - arrested,over -indicted, and over -sentenced. African -American women are seven times more likely to bearrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one -third less time for the same offenses thanblackwomen. NancyKurshan,"WomenandImprisonmentintheU.S." a. Argument;conclusion:African -Americanwomen...otherethnicgroups. b. Nonargument. c. Argument;conclusion: Forbothmurderanddrugoffenses...blackwomen. d. Argument;conclusion:Numerousstudieshaveindicated...over -sentenced. e. Argument;conclusion: Blackwomenhavereceived...longer periodsinprison. ANS:B PTS:2 6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminalelements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identitytheft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defrau d online advertisers by using these zombie computers tovisit pay -per-clickads. a. Argument;conclusion:Therearecriminal elements...todetectunprotectedPCs. b. Argument;conclusion:Onceavulnerablecomputer...fencingstolenIDs. c. Nonargument. d. Argument; conclusion:Theyalsodefraud...tovisit pay -per-clickads. e. Argument;conclusion:It'sevenmoreimportant ...protectedbyafirewall. ANS:E PTS:2 7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made throughthe atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state ofinterplanetaryspace.The earthisalsothe most important objectof comparisonfor planetologists. HannuKarttunen, et al.,FundamentalAstronomy a. Argument;conclusion:Thephenomena ...stateof interplanetaryspace. b. Argument;conclusion:Theearthisalso...forplanetologists. c. Argument;conclusion:Theearthisofinteresttoastronomy. d. Nonargument. e. Argument;conclusion:Nearlyallobservations...throughtheatmosphere. ANS:C PTS:2 8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then t iger poaching will be halted, habitat and lifesustainingpreywillberestored,andtheimmanentextinctionoftigers inthe wildwillbe averted. a. Nonargument. b. Argument;conclusion:Thetradeintiger productsisbanned. c. Argument;conclusion:Tiger poachingwillbe halted. d. Argument;conclusion:Themakersoftraditionalmedicines...notneeded. 4 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY e. Argument;conclusion:Tigerpoachingwillbehalted...will beaverted. ANS:A PTS:2 9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need tounderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of information i n solving the puzzle of human behavior and mentalprocessing. RichardGriggs, Psychology: AConciseIntroduction a. Argument;conclusion:Tounderstandour behavior ...theneuron. b. Argument;conclusion:Humansarebiologicalorganisms. c. Argument;conclusion:Howwe feel...neuronalactivity. d. Argument;conclusion:Howaneuronworks...mentalprocessing. e. Nonargument. ANS:D PTS:2 10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of anucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of livingorganisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized andstoredinacontainer on ashelffor years,buttheyretainthecapacityto invadecells andcause disease. JacquelynC.Black, Microbiology:PrinciplesandExplorations a. Argument; conclusion:Theyarecomposedofa nucleicacidandafewproteins. b. Nonargument. c. Argument;conclusion:Virusesareacellular entities...microscope. d. Argument;conclusion:Indeed,somevirusescanbe crystallized...causedisease. e. Argument;conclusion:Virusesreplicatethemselves...invadedlivingcells. ANS:B PTS:2 11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warmingproblem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaiccells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Tod aythecosts ofwindand solarpower are becomingcompetitivewith dirtycoal -firedplants. SierraClub,"GlobalWarmingSolutions" a. Argument;conclusion:Todaythecostsof wind...dirtycoal -firedplants. b. Argument;conclusion:Technological advances...by82percent since19 81. c. Argument;conclusion: Harnessingtheclean...theglobal warmingproblem. d. Nonargument. e. Argument;conclusion:Solarenergytechnology...directlyintoelectricity. ANS:D PTS:2 12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNAevidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed.For many of these prisoners no DNA e vidence was available. If such evidence had been available, howmaymore would have beenexonerated? a. Argument;conclusion: Inmanyof thesecases...playedacrucial role. b. Nonargument. c. Argument;conclusion: From1973...havebeenexonerated. d. Argument; conclusion: Formanyof theseprisoners...wasavailable. e. Argument; conclusion:Itislikelythatinnocentprisoners ...theydidnotcommit. 5 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY ANS:E PTS:2 13. Some over -the-counter medicines should not be given to very young children. For example, coldmedicines contain decongestants and antihistamines. These substances raise blood pressure and heartrate. Ifan overdoseshouldoccurina youngchild,theresultcan be fatal. a. Argument;conclusion:Someover -the-countermedicines...veryyoungchildren. b. Argument; conclusion:Thesesubstancesraisebloodpressureandheartrate. c. Argument;conclusion: Ifanoverdose...theresultcanbefatal. d. Argument;conclusion:Coldmedicinescontaindecongestantsandantihistamines. e. Nonargument. ANS:A PTS:2 14. The world -wide disappearance of frogs may be the result of agricultural runoff. Scientists have shownthat runoff rich in fertilizer causes a pronounced increase in the algae of lakes and ponds. Snails thengorge themselves on the algae, causing parasites living inside them to produce h uge quantities of eggs.Whentheeggs hatch,the parasitesinfectyoungfrogs, causingsevere deformationof theirlimbs. a. Nonargument. b. Argument;conclusion:Snailsthengorgethemselves...hugequantitiesofeggs. c. Argument;conclusion:Theworld -widedisappearance... agriculturalrunoff. d. Argument;conclusion:Whentheeggshatch...severedeformationoftheirlimbs. e. Argument; conclusion: Scientistshave shown...inthealgaeoflakesandponds. ANS:C PTS:2 15. Little is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived around 400 B.C. Nevertheless, thewritings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice.One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporarymedical ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, refrain fromintentionalwrongdoing,andkeepconfidentialallmatterspertainingtothedoctor - patientrelationship. WilliamC.Cockerham, Medical Sociology a. Argument;conclusion:Thewritingsattributedtohim...medical practic e. b. Nonargument. c. Argument;conclusion:Itrequiresthephysician...doctor -patientrelationship. d. Argument;conclusion:Oneofhismostfamouscontributions...medicalethics. e. Argument;conclusion:Littleisknown...wholivedaround400B.C. ANS:B PTS:2 16. Two million children have been killed in armed conflicts in the last decade. Three times as many havebeen injured or permanently disabled. Millions of others have been forced to take part in or witnesshorrifying acts of violence. In countless cases the impact of armed conflict on children's lives remainsinvisible. The children themselves may be removed from the public, in institutions, or survive asvictims of prostitution. But those who have lost parents often experience humiliation, rejection anddiscrimination ,andsufferin silence astheirself -esteemcrumbles. ChildRightsInformationNetwork a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion:Two millionchildren ...inthelastdecade. c. Argument; conclusion: Butthosewhohavelostparents...self -esteemcrumbles. d. Argument; conclusion: Incountlesscases...remainsinvisible. e. Argument;conclusion:Threetimesasmany...permanentlydisabled. ANS:A PTS:2 6 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY 17. An element is a collection of atoms of the same type. Each atom contains three fundamentalparticles a proton, a neutron, and an electron. The protons and neutrons are in the center, or nucleus,of the atom. Protons have a positive charge, while neutrons have no electric charge. The electrons haveanegative charge andorbitaboutthenucleusata specificdistance. EdwardF. A lbin,Earth ScienceMadeEasy a. Argument;conclusion: Anelement isacollectionof atomsof thesametype. b. Argument;conclusion:Theelectronshaveanegativecharge...specificdistance. c. Nonargument. d. Argument;conclusion: Eachatomcontains...anelectron. e. Argument; conclusion:Theprotons andneutrons...oftheatom. ANS:C PTS:2 INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive anddeductivearguments. Selectthe bestanswerfor each. 18. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then the universe is billions of years old. And if the Big Bang theoryis correct, then the universe was not created in six days. Thus, if the universe is billions of years old,thenitwas notcreatedin six days. a. Deductive,valid. b. Inductive,strong. c. Inductive, cogent. d. Inductive,weak. e. Deductive,invalid. ANS:E PTS:2 19. The engraved plate beneath this painting in the art museum says "Monet." Therefore, the painting mustbe the workofMonet. a. Inductive,cogent. b. Inductive,weak. c. Deductive,valid. d. Inductive,strong. e. Deductive,invalid. ANS:D PTS:2 20. Canada is similar in many ways to the United States. Both countries share the same language, values,and a free market economy. Also, they share a common border. Therefore, the Canadian flag mustlooka lotlike the U.S.flag. a. Inductive,weak. b. Deductive,invalid. c. Inductive,strong. d. Deductive,sound. e. Deductive,valid. ANS:A PTS:2 21. Either Bill Clinton or George W. Bush was president when the World Trade Center towers weredestroyed. But Bush was not president at that time. Therefore, Bill Clinton was president when thosebuildingswere destroyed. a. Inductive, invalid. b. Deductive,valid. c. Deductive,invalid. d. Inductive,strong. 7 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY e. Inductive,weak. ANS:B PTS:2 22. As the universe expands, it gets colder and colder. Furthermore, this expansion will continue for everand ever. Therefore, at some point in the future the universe will become too cold to support humanlife,and allhumans willperish. a. Deductive,invalid. b. Deductive, valid. c. Deductive,sound. d. Inductive,strong. e. Inductive,weak. ANS:D PTS:2 23. No drug cartels are legal operations, so no legal operations are enterprises that engage in smuggling,becausealldrugcartelsareenterprisesthatengage in smuggling. a. Deductive,valid. b. Inductive,strong. c. Inductive,weak. d. Deductive,sound. e. Deductive,invalid. ANS:E PTS:2 24. Giventhat x2 +2x= 15.Itfollowsthat x =3. a. Inductive,strong. b. Inductive,weak. c. Deductive,valid. d. Inductive,cogent. e. Deductive, invalid. ANS:C PTS: 2 25. Graffiti painted on that vacant building says "Boycott Meat." Therefore, it's clear that we should allbecomevegetarians. a. Deductive,sound. b. Inductive,weak. c. Deductive,invalid. d. Deductive,valid. e. Inductive,strong. ANS:B PTS: 2 26. James Bloomfield, the widely respected expert on art authentication, says that the painting recentlydiscovered in the basement of the art museum is a genuine Picasso. Therefore, we conclude that thepaintingisindeeda genuine Picasso. a. Deductive,invalid. b. Inductive,weak. c. Deductive,valid. d. Inductive,cogent. e. Inductive,strong. ANS:E PTS:2 8 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY 27. Astrological calculations indicate that the U.S. stock market will crash in the year 2014. Therefore,youshould getyourmoneyoutof the marketbeforethatyear. a. Inductive,cogent. b. Deductive,valid. c. Inductive,weak. d. Deductive,invalid. e. Inductive,strong. ANS:C PTS:2 28. If organic food contains pesticides, then consumers are misled. Organic food does not containpesticides. Therefore,consumers are notmisled. a. Inductive,weak. b. Inductive,strong. c. Deductive,valid. d. Deductive,invalid. e. Deductive,sound. ANS:D PTS:2 29. When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for lots of work that didn't need to bedone. The same thing happened to Niki and Claire. Apparently mechanics these days are just a bunchof crooks. a. Inductive,strong. b. Inductive,weak. c. Deductive,invalid. d. Deductive,valid. e. Deductive,sound. ANS:B PTS:2 30. All aerobic exercises are calorie burners and all calorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, all aerobicexercisesare weightreducers. a. Deductive,valid. b. Deductive,invalid. c. Inductive,weak. d. Inductive,strong. e. Inductive,cogent. ANS:A PTS:2 31. After hearing Jordan's speech in the student council, Michael rolled his eyes and shook his head.ApparentlyMichaeldidn'tagreewithwhatJordansaid. a. Deductive,valid. b. Deductive,sound. c. Deductive,invalid. d. Inductive,weak. e. Inductive,strong. ANS:E PTS:2 32. Brandonisa polytheist.Therefore,he believesinmore thanonegod. a. Inductive,cogent. b. Deductive,invalid. c. Inductive,weak. 9 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY d. Deductive,valid. e. Inductive,strong. ANS:D PTS:2 33. Given that figure A is a triangle, and one of its sides has a length of 1 foot. It follows that its area islessthan 1 square foot. a. Inductive,weak. b. Deductive,valid. c. Deductive,invalid. d. Deductive,sound. e. Inductive,strong. ANS:C PTS:2 34. After buying a pair of Blue Atlas jeans, Carter was disappointed to find that they fell apart after onlyone month. The same think happened to Jeff, Mario, and Ralph. Apparently Blue Atlas jeans don'thold upverywell. a. Inductive,strong. b. Inductive,cogent. c. Deductive,invalid. d. Inductive,weak. e. Deductive,valid. ANS:A PTS:2 INSTRUCTIONS: Selectthecorrect answerforeachmultiplechoicequestion. 35. Which ofthefollowingareallpremiseindicators? a. For,because,consequently. b. Inasmuchas,thus,Accordingly. c. Consequently,hence,thus. d. Since,giventhat,because. e. Giventhat, forthereasonthat,wherefore. ANS:D PTS:2 36. Whichofthefollowingareallarguments? a. Illustrations,syllogisms,explanations. b. Predictions,categoricalsyllogisms,argumentsfromsigns. c. Warnings,conditionalstatements,statementsof belief. d. Expository passages,reports,piecesofadvice. e. Propositions,analogies,inferences. ANS:B PTS:2 37. Whichofthefollowingarealldeductive arguments? a. Hypotheticalsyllogisms,disjunctivesyllogisms,argumentsbasedonmathematics. b. Generalizations,predictions,causal inferences. c. Argumentsfromauthority,disjunctivesyllogisms,predictions. d. Argumentsfromauthority,generalizations,Argumentsfromanalogy. e. Argumentsbasedonsigns,causalinferences,arguments inscience. ANS:A PTS:2 38. Anargument whoseconclusionrestsonsome geometrical procedureis: 10 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY a. Astrongargument. b. Aninductiveargument. c. Adeductiveargument. d. Avalid argument. e. Asoundargument. ANS:C PTS:2 39. Anargument whoseconclusionrestsonasimilaritybetweentwothingsorsituationsis: a. Avalid argument. b. Aninductiveargument. c. Asoundargument. d. Acogent argument. e. Adeductiveargument. ANS:B PTS:2 40. In the expression "The moon sends forth light because it reflects light from the sun," the statement"Themoon sends forth light"is calledthe: a. Explanandum. b. Consequent. c. Explanans. d. Conclusion. e. Premise. ANS:A PTS:2 41. In the expression "If a nation engages in torture, then it loses moral authority in the world community,"thestatement"Anationengages in torture"iscalledthe: a. Conclusion. b. Consequent. c. Conditional. d. Explanandum. e. Antecedent. ANS:E PTS:2 42. Whichofthefollowingisasufficient condition for committingacrime? a. Havingagoodlawyer. b. Goingtojail. c. Avoidingthe police. d. Robbingabank. e. Signinga confession. ANS:D PTS:2 43. Which ofthefollowingis anecessarycondition forplayingbaseball? a. Beingabletorunthe basesfasterthan the otherplayers. b. Beingabletocatchaflyball. c. Havinga bat. d. Beingabletostealabase. e. Havingan umpire. ANS:C PTS:2 44. If a deductiveargumenthasonetruepremiseandatrueconclusion,then weknow: 11 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY a. Nothingassuchabouttheargument's validity. b. Theargumentisinvalid. c. Theargumentis valid. d. Theargumentisweak. e. Theargumentisuncogent. ANS:A PTS:2 PROBLEM INSTRUCTIONS: Thefollowingproblemsrelatetothecounterexamplemethod. 1. PARTA Some cashmere sweaters are fashionable garments, so some cashmere sweaters are not suede jackets,forsome suedejackets arenotfashionable garments. Which ofthefollowingcorrectlyexpress estheformofthisargument? a. SomeCareF. b. SomeSare not F. c. SomeSare not F. SomeCare notS. SomeCareF. SomeCare notS. SomeSare not F. SomeCare notS. SomeCareF. d. SomeFare not S. e. SomeCareF. SomeFareC. SomeFare not S. SomeSare notC. SomeCare notS. PARTB Whichofthefollowingsubstitutionsprovestheargumentinvalid? a. C= animals, F= cats, S=mammals. b. C= dogs,F=animals,S=mammals. c. C= dogs, F= mammals, S= fish. d. C=mammals, F=animals,S=dogs. e. C= cats, F= mammals, S=animals. ANS: PartA: b PartB: e PTS:4 2. PARTA If cell phone companies screen text messages, then freedom of speech is threatened. Thus, freedom ofspeechis notthreatened, becausecellphonecompaniesdo notscreentextmessages. Which ofthefollowingcorrectlyexpressesthe formofthis argument? a. If Cthen F. b. Not F. c. All Care F. C. Not C. C. F. If Cthen F. F. d. If Cthen F. e. If Cthen F. Not C. Not F. Not F. Not C. PARTB 12 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Whichofthefollowingsubstitutionsprovestheargumentinvalid? a. C=AbrahamLincolnwasassassinated, F=GeorgeWashingtonwasassassinated. b. C=Joe Smith wasbeheaded, F=Joe Smithisdead. c. C= AbrahamLincoln wasbeheaded, F =AbrahamLincolnisdead. d. C= AbrahamLincoln wasassassinated,F=AbrahamLincoln isdead. e. C= Abraham Lincoln wasbeheaded,F=AbrahamLincolnisnotdead. ANS: PartA: d PartB: c PTS:4 3. PARTA All container ships that are ocean going are air polluters. Hence, all container ships are air polluters.Which ofthefollowingcorrectlyexpressestheformofthis argument? PARTB Whichofthefollowingsubstitutionsprovestheargumentinvalid? a. C= husbands, O=married ,A= men. b. C= men,O=humans, A= mammals. c. C= men, O= married, A=husbands. d. C= wives,O=divorced, A= women. e. C= cats, O=animals,A=dogs. ANS: PartA: e PartB: c PTS:4 a. All CareA. b. All CareA. c. AllCSareO. All CareO. All Cthatare Oare A. AllCSareA. d. All CareO. e. All Cthatare Oare A. All CareA. All CareA. 13 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Chapter1 TestB MULTIPLECHOICE INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonargumentsandidentifyingconclusions.Selectthebestanswerforeach. 1. Authoritarian states are characterized by strong central governments that fairly stringently limit therange of political activity. More often than not, they are one -party states, which means that only oneparty, that which supports the government, is allowed to engage in political activity. Free discussionand ass ociation are strictly curtailed in these systems. Anyone who might dare to criticize thegovernment or to express ideas that are not in conformity with its policies can be severely punished,even bydeath. RobertA.Heineman, Political Science a. Argument;conclu sion:Moreoftenthannot ...engageinpoliticalactivity. b. Nonargument. c. Argument;conclusion:Authoritarianstates...limittherangeofpoliticalactivity. d. Argument; conclusion: Anyonewhomight daretocriticize...evenbydeath. e. Argument;conclusion:Free discussionandassociation...inthesesystems. ANS:B PTS:2 2. Prior to their extinction, Neanderthals had been widespread in Europe for 100,000 years. Then 50,000years ago, modern humans moved into Europe from Africa. Twenty -six thousand years after that thelas t Neanderthal died. At one time it was thought that the Neanderthals were killed by climate change,but this theory has now been discounted. So why did the Neanderthals perish? Probably they werekilled bythe humans. a. Argument;conclusion:Then50,000yearsago ...EuropefromAfrica. b. Argument;conclusion: Atonetimeit wasthought...nowbeendiscounted. c. Argument;conclusion:Prior totheirextinction...100,000years. d. Nonargument.Twenty -sixthousandyearsafterthatthelast Neanderthaldied. e. Argument;conclusion: Probablytheywerekilledbythehumans. ANS:E PTS:2 3. Hair turns color when we age because the follicles at the base of the hair shaft cease to producemelanin. Melanin is a chemical that gives the hair shaft its color (black, brown, blond, red, and allshades in between). The darkness or lightness of your hair depends on how much melanin each strandcontains. With age, the cells in the follicle that produce melanin die off. As they do so, that hair strandwillbecome silver, grey, orwhite,asitgrows. a. Argument;conc lusion:Thefollicles...ceasetoproducemelanin. b. Argument;conclusion:Hairturnscolorwhenweage. c. Argument; conclusion:Withage, thecellsinthefollicle...dieoff. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion:Thedarknessorlightness...eachstrandcontains. ANS:D PTS:2 4. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by thosewho are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plainbigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that brin g evolution about certainly need study and clarification.There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we areconstantlylearningnewand importantfactsaboutevolutionarymechanisms. 14 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Theodosius Dobzhansky,"NothinginBiologyMakesSense Exceptinthe Light ofEvolution" a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: Bycontrast,themechanisms...studyandclarification. c. Argument;conclusion: Yetweareconstantly...evolutionarymechanisms. d. Argument;conclusion: Evolutionasaprocess...blocksortoplainbigotry. e. Argument;conclusion:Therearenoalternatives...criticalexamination. ANS:A PTS:2 5. Scientists have recently shown that heaps of intact DNA from the extinct wooly mammoth areretrievable from the animals' fur. A great deal of that fur is readily available in natural historymuseums.SuchamountsofDNAmakeitpossibletopiecetogethertheentiremammothgenome.H ence,wecan expectto see mammoth clonesinthenottoo distantfuture. a. Argument;conclusion:Agreatdealofthatfur...natur alhistorymuseums. b. Nonargument. c. Argument;conclusion: Scientistshaverecentlyshown...animals'fur. d. Argument; conclusion:Wecanexpect tosee... inthenot toodistantfuture. e. Argument;conclusion:SuchamountsofDNA...theentiremammothgenome. ANS:D PTS:2 6. The loss of arctic ice is accelerating as a result of a form of positive feedback. As arctic ice melts, thearctic icecap reflects fewer rays from the sun. When this happens, more rays are absorbed by thesurrounding ocean, which increases its temperature. As the temperature of the ocean rises, more arcticice melts. a. Argument;conclusion:Whenthishappens...whichincreasesitstemperature. b. Argument;conclusion: Asthetemperatureof theoceanrises...icemelts. c. Argument;conclusion:Thelossofarcticice...positive feedback. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: Asarcticicemelts...fewer raysfromthesun. ANS:C PTS:2 7. If its ion engine operates as planned, its huge solar panel remains deployed and undamaged, and itsxenon energy source is not exhausted, then the Dawn spacecraft will reach both Vesta and Ceres (largeasteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter), and scientists will gather information about theformation of planets, whether Ceres has a buried ocean of fresh water, and whether vestiges of life lurkbeneathitsicysurface. a. Argument;conclusion: Itsionengineoperates...not exhausted. b. Argument;conclusion:TheDawnspacecraft ...MarsandJupiter) c. Argument;conclusion:TheDawnspacecraft...beneathitsicysurface. d. Argument;conclusion:Scientistswillgather information...formationofplanets. e. Nonargument. ANS:E PTS:2 8. Tofocusontheperformanceofthe stockmarketis tozeroinonaneconomicindicatorthatcandowell even as the country does poorly. In 2006, for instance, the Dow Jones industrial average hit highs. According to the just released census data, however, median earnings fell one percent, and millionsmore Americans entered the ranks of the uninsured. Indeed, from 2000 to 2007 the S&P 500 gainedmorethan 500points.Meanwhile, themedian household income fellb ymorethan $900. EzraKlein,"StockSplit" a. Argument; conclusion: Accordingtothejustreleased...ranks oftheuninsured. b. Argument; conclusion:Tofocusontheperformance...thecountrydoespoorly. 15 A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY c. Argument;conclusion:In2006,forinstance,theDowJones ...hithighs. d. Argument; conclusion:Meanwhile ...fell bymorethan$900. e. Nonargument. ANS:B PTS:2 9. The earth is divided into the crust, the mantle, and the core. The crust is the solid portion on which westand. The mantle is a plastic but solid material under the crust that can flow and move about. Andfinally,the coreistheinnermostpartofthe earth made ofsolidand molten iron. PamWalker andElaineWood, Hands-OnGeneral ScienceActivities a. Argument; conclusion:Themantle...flowandmoveabout. b. Argumen t;conclusion:Thecrust isthesolidportiononwhichwestand. c. Nonargument. d. Argument;conclusion:Thecoreistheinnermostpart...molteniron. e. Argument; conclusion:Theearthisdividedintothecrust,themantle, andthecore. ANS:C PTS:2 10. The relationship between two measurable factors can be represented by a graph. If both valuesincrease, they are considered to have a direct relationship. For example, the more you work, the moremoney you make. If one value increases while the other decreases, they have an inverse relationship.For example, themore youworkon your golfswing,the loweryour score will be. Scott Ryan, EarthScience a. Nonargument. b. Argument;conclusion: If onevalueincreases...aninverserelationship. c. Argument; conclusion:Therelationship...canberepresented byagraph. d. Argument;conclusion:Forexample,themoreyouwork... moneyyou make. e. Argument;conclusion:Ifbothvaluesincrease...directrelationship. ANS:A PTS:2 11. Scientists may be on the verge of creating life in a test tube. Recently, scientists have used computersto synthesize a highly complex loop of DNA. When this loop was inserted into an empty bacterial cell,thecellbegantoself -replicate. Andself -replication isan essentialfeature oflife. a. Argument;conclusion:Whenthisloopwasinserted...begantoself -replicate. b. Argument;conclusion:Recently,scientistshaveusedcomputers...loopofDNA. c. Nonargument. d. Argument; conclusion: Scientistsmaybe ontheverge... lifeinatesttube. e. Argument;conclusion: Andself -replicationisanessentialfeatureoflife. ANS:D PTS:2 12. Good intentions aside, there are compelling reasons to avoid water fluoridation. Hydrofluosilic acid,the industrial waste product used in municipal water systems, is contaminated with arsenic, lead, andother heavy metals. There are significant increases in lead levels in children who drink fluoridatedwater. A 2006 Harvard study found a fivefold to sevenfold increase in bone cancer in exposed youngmen.Sadly, the youngestchildrenarethe mostsusceptible. David S. Banks,LettertotheEditor a. Argument;conclusion:H ydrofluosilicacid...andotherheavymetals. b. Argument;conclusion:Sadly,theyoungestchildrenarethemostsusceptible. c. Argument;conclusion:Therearecompellingreasonstoavoidwaterfluoridation. d. Argument;conclusion:Therearesignificantincreases...fluoridated water. e. Nonargument. ANS:C PTS:2