(Test Bank) NURS 5366Quiz 2 Research

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Chapter 5: Research Problem and Purpose Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A researcher has conducted 9 clinical studies, some quantitative and others qualitative, all of which focus on depression’s relationship to perceived abandonment. “Depression’s relationship to perceived abandonment” is an example of which of the following? a. Research problem b . Research topic c. Research purpose d . Problem statement ANS: B Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence - based nursing. A research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research topics contain numerous potential research problems, a nd each problem provides the basis for developing many research purposes. The problem statement identifies the specific gap in the knowledge needed for practice. A nursing situation often includes a variety of research topics or concepts. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 73 2. Why is replicating a research study essential for knowledge development? a. Each time a study is replicated, its probability of error decreases. b . Reproducing a study decreases theoretical knowledge, increasing real knowledge. c. Replication helps confirm that the initial results were not reached in error. d . Replication studies represent the majority of published nursing literature. ANS: C Replication involves reproducing or repeating a study to determine if similar findings will be obtained. Replication is essential for knowledge development because it (1) establishes the credibility of the findings, (2) extends the generalizability of the findings over a range of instances and context s, (3) reduces the number of type I and type II errors, (4) corrects the limitations in studies’ methodologies, (5) supports theory development, and (6) lessens the acceptance of erroneous results. Some researchers replicate studies because they agree with the findings and wonder if the findings will hold up in different settings with different subjects over time. Others want to challenge the findings or interpretations of prior investigators. However, the number of nursing studies replicated continues to be limited. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 77 3. A nurse researcher working in a subacute orthopedic hospital floor. She notes that her elders with knee replacements sleep as many as 16 hours a day, waking only for physical therapy and meals, but she also notices that those with many visitors sleep fewer hours and seem to experience more pain. She wonders whether sleep in elders after knee replacement prevents pain, or whether elders select the coping strategy of sleeping more, in response to pain, and begins to attempt to identify the relationship between the two. A literature search reveals only three descriptive studies on this topic, one quantitative and two qualita tive. What is “the relationship between elders’ hours of sleep following knee replacement and its relationship with report of pain”? a. The research aim b . The research purpose c. The research problem d . The research topic ANS: C Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence - based nursing. A research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research t opics contain numerous potential research problems, and each problem provides the basis for developing many research purposes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 73 4. A master’s student who works in cardiothoracic ICU reads a 20 -year-old nursing research study; the findings document use of much larger per-kilogram amounts of opioids and anxiolytics postoperatively in adults with open -heart surgery, as opposed to childre n with open - heart surgery. The student strongly suspects that modern hospitals medicate children and adults more or less the same, on a per -kilogram basis. She decides to replicate the original research in her hospital. What type of replication is this? a. Exact replication b . Concurrent replication c. Systematic replication d . Approximate replication ANS: D Replication involves reproducing or repeating a study to determine whether similar findings will be obtained. Four different types of replication are important in generating sound scientific knowledge for nursing: (1) exact, (2) approximate, (3) concurrent, and (4) systematic extension. An exact, or identical, replication involves duplicating the initial researcher’s study to confirm the original findings. All conditions of the original study must be maintained. An approximate, or operational, replication involves repeating the original study under similar conditions, following the methods as closely as possible. A concurrent, or internal, replication involves the collection of data for the original study and its simultaneous replication to provide a check of the reliability of the original study. A systematic extension or constructive replication is done under distinctly new conditions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 77 5. A research study contains the question, “Can the application of twice -daily cortisone in the p eriod from 6 to 10 weeks postoperatively produce significantly increased range of motion in 50- to 60-year-old rotator -cuff repair patients at the six-month mark?” The study is research. a. Ethnographic b . Historical c. Experimental d . Basic ANS: C Experimental studies are conducted in highly controlled settings and under highly controlled conditions to determine the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. An experimental research question takes the form of, “Does provision of increased A have an effect on B?” where the study variables are A and B, the relationship is a change in A and its effect on B, and the question ends with a question mark. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 87 6. A knowledge gap is identified by a nurse researcher. Which of the following may NOT necessarily represent a knowledge gap? a. A literature search that shows that no quantitative research, but only qualitative research, exists in the area. b . The National Institutes of Health (NIH) identify the area as one of research priority. c. The phenomenon of interest is a new disease, just identified in Phoenix, Arizona. d . There is one study examining a new intervention, but the research has not yet been replicated. ANS: A The lack of quantitative research may mean only that the phenomenon or idea of the research is not suited for quantitative research, since some concepts are suitable only for qualitative enquiry. By questioning and reviewing the literature, researchers begin to recognize a specific area of concern and the knowledge gap that surrounds it. The knowledge gap, or what is not known about this clinical problem, determines the complexity and number of studies needed to generate essential knowledge for nursing practice. Since 1975, expert researchers, specialty groups, professional organizations, and funding agencies have identified nursing research priorities. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 87 7. Which of the following represents a concise, clear statement of the specific goal or aim of a research study? a. The research problem was identified as the general area of ignorance surrounding the causation and diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis, especially among soldiers in uniform, and this constituted a significant gap in the literature. b . The purpose of the project, then, was to define changes in the variable of hypertension across time, with the four most prevalent treatment modalities prescribed by primary care physicians in the greater Chicago area. c. The phenomenon of depression experienced by the primary schoolchild was focused upon in this study. It is an under - researched topic, especially since recent research has identified correlational links with childhood obesity, especially Hispanic and African -American populations. d . Despite the fact that studying the disease, especially from standpoints of prevention and early detection, is costly and time- consuming, it represents a clear priority, since treatment itself is remarkably costly and the afflicted are not likely to experience even short remissions without early intervention. ANS: B The research purpose is a concise, clear statement of the specific goal or aim of the study that is generated from the research problem. A research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence - based nursing. One source of research problems is research priorities identified by funding agencies and specialty groups. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 74 8. What is the relationship between a research topic and a research problem? a. The purpose is the most general statement; the research topic is the most specific to the research itself. b . Research topics contain numerous potential research problems, and each problem provides the basis for developing many purposes. c. The research topic and the research problem are identical. d . The research topic specifies setting and population, but the problem does not. ANS: A Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence - based nursing. Research topics contain numerous potential research problems, and each problem provides the basis for developing many purposes. Thus, the identification of a relevant research topic and a challenging, significant problem can facili tate the development of numerous study purposes to direct a lifetime program of research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 73 9. Which of the following is the practicing nurse’s most important source of researchable problems? a. The nurse’s own clinical practice b . Review of the literature c. Nursing theories d . Administrative mandates to conduct clinical research on every hospital unit ANS: A The practice of nursing must be based on knowledge or evidence generated through research. Thus, clinical practice is an extremely important source for research problems. Problems can evolve from clinical observations. A review of patient records, treatment plans, and procedure manuals might reveal concerns or raise questions about practice that could be the basis for research problems. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 75 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following are considered evidence -generating? (Select all that apply.) a. Replication of previous research b . Identification of research topics, followed by basic research c. Applied research studies that examine clinical response to interventions d . Reviews of the literature e. Qualitative research examining responses to diagnosis ANS: A, B, C, E Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence - based nursing. However, the lack of replication studies severely limits the generation of sound research findings needed for evidence -based practice in nursing. Basic, or pure, research is a scientific investigation that involves the p ursuit of “knowledge for knowledge’s sake,” or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth. The purpose of basic research is to generate and refine theory and build constructs; thus, the findings are frequently not directly useful in practice. Replicati on of previously conducted research is essential for knowledge development. By questioning and reviewing the literature, researchers begin to recognize a specific area of concern and the knowledge gap that surrounds it; however, review of the literature does not generate knowledge —it reviews previous knowledge. Questions focusing on investigating new techniques to improve existing skills, patient responses to techniques, or ways to educate patients and families to perform techniques. . . could add to knowledge needed for evidence -based practice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 73 2. Reasons to conduct an exact replication include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. A different sample is used in the replication, because subjects seldom elect to undergo the same surgical procedure twice. b . The same site is again used, in order to decrease variation. c. Sample size was adequate, the design was strong, and measurements were robust. d . Validation of the truthfulness of the original subjects’ responses is desired. e. A similar population is used, in order to verify the findings. ANS: B, C, D Four different types of replication are important in generating sound scientific knowledge for nursing: (1) exact, (2) approximate, (3) concurrent, and (4) systematic extension. An exact (or identical) replication involves duplicating the initial researcher’s study to confirm the original findings. All conditions of the original study must be maintained. Exact replications might be thought of as ideal to confirm original study findings, but these are frequently not attainable. In addition, one would not want to replicate the errors in an original study, such as small sample size, weak design, or poor-quality measurement methods. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 77 3. The American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) funds various research projects that focus on its research priorities. A master’s student w ants to initiate research to study the relative accuracy of new computer -assisted assessment device that painlessly measures blood glucose values through a probe just distal to the insertion hub of a central line, in patients on insulin drips with hourly A ccu-Chek readings. Does this pertain to any of the organization’s research priorities, listed here? (Select all that apply.) a. Technology use to achieve patient assessment, management, or outcomes b . Prevention and management of complications c. Processes and systems that foster the optimal contribution of critical care nurses d . Creation of a healing, humane environment e. Development of processes and systems that foster the optimal contribution of critical care nurses ANS: A, D The American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) determined initial research priorities for this specialty in the early 1980s and revised these priorities based on patients needs and the changes in health care. The current AACN (2011) rese arch priorities are identified on this organization’s website as (1) effective and appropriate use of technology to achieve optimal patient assessment, management, or outcomes; (2) creation of a healing, humane environment; (3) processes and systems that f oster the optimal contribution of critical care nurses; (4) effective approaches to symptom management; and (5) prevention and management of complications. This research study uses technology. Also, it saves the patient from interruptions in sleep, as the nurse flushes a line and draws blood hourly, or performs hourly Accu -Cheks, if the line will not draw. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 79 4. “The purpose of the research will be, most likely, to document how admirable charitable efforts by The Children of the Land were terminated by the well -meaning Los Angeles Police Force.” What is incorrect about this wording? (Select all that apply.) a. A police organization cannot be named in a research purpose. b . A purpose should specify methodology. c. The terms admirable and well-meaning are both subjective. d The purpose must identify the goal of the study, not the “most likely” goal. . e. The purpose should be stated as “was” or “is” but not “will be.” ANS: C, D, E The purpose is generated from the problem, identifies the goal or goals of the study, and directs the development of the study. In the research process, the purpose is usually stated after the problem, because the problem identifies the gap in knowledge in a selected area and the purpose clarifies the knowledge to be generated by the study. The research purpose must be stated objectiv ely, that is, in a way that does not reflect particular biases or values of the researcher. Investigators who do not recognize their values might include their biases in the research. This can lead them to generate the answers they want or believe to be true and might add inaccurate information to a discipline’s body of knowledge. DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: Page 83 5. Children in publicly funded school breakfast programs often have learning delays. These are not readily attributable to single ca uses. Research on learning delays has revealed that family literacy, measured by parental reading level and comprehension scores, is the most powerful predictor of delay in the primary grades. On the other hand, repeated exposure to eyes-on reading, in the company of a trusted non -parent adult, has been shown to over -ride family literacy as a predictor. No research, however, has studied institution of a reading -and-breakfast program, delivered five days a week before school, intended to over -ride the variable of family literacy. Given this problem statement, which of these purposes would be appropriate for the study? (Select all that apply.) a. The purpose of the study was to determine whether providing volunteer readers during school breakfasts for all kindergarten and first-grade children would result in fewer than anticipated learning delays. b . The purpose of the study was to determine the lived experience of children with learning delays, against the context of school and home, and to examine the children’s peer relationships. c. The purpose of the study was to determine whether a buddy system of one sixth -grader, and one kindergartner or first- grader, who ate breakfast together and then read together for 20 minutes, was effective in decreasing the anticipated number learning delays. d . The purpose of the study was to experimentally determine what causes learning delays, by introducing various strategies already in place in community primary schools and measuring their effect, using basic research. e. The purpose of the study was to measure the effectiveness of using school computers, allowing children to visually scan a story concurrently read by a school teacher over the cafeteria microphone during school breakfast time, in decreasing the incidence and severity of learning delays. ANS: A, C, E The problem statement identifies the specific gap in the knowledge needed for practice. Each problem may generate many research purposes. The research purpose is a clear, concise statement of the specific goal or aim of the study that is generated from the research problem. The purpose usually indicates the type of study to be conducted and often includes the variables, population, and setting for the study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 73 6. In determining a study’s feasibility, which of the following statements are true, regarding the time needed for study completion? (Select all that apply.) a. Some data collection must be performed over an extended period of time, such as measurements of the depth and extent of scar tissue over 18 months. b . Sufficient subjects meeting the study criteria may be difficult to access, requiring data collection that extends for months or even years. c. The inflationary spiral makes all research funding inadequate. d . Computerized records make data analysis much less time-consuming. e. Obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB. approval may be time-consuming, especially if the research uses more than one hospital or agency. ANS: A, B, E One can approximate the time needed to complete a study by assessing the following factors: (1) type and number of subjects needed, (2) number and complexity of the variables to be studied, (3) methods for measuring the variables (are instruments available to measure the variables, or must they be developed?), (4) methods for collecting data, and (5) the data analysis process. Another factor that can increase the time needed for a study is obtaining institutional review board (IRB) approval, especially if more than one clinical agency is used for data collection in a study. Not all research funding is inadequate. Computerized records may be easier or may be more difficult for data retrieval; however, data analysis is not affected by the existence of computer ized data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 84 7. How do seasoned nurse researchers, years away from clinical practice, select meaningful research questions? (Select all that apply.) a. They continue to conduct research in the same general areas in which they have previously conducted research, with one project leading into the next. b . They cannot do so, because they are not working bedside nurses. c. They establish working relationships with clinical nurses, sharing authorship of research publications. d . They collaborate with novice researchers who are closer to the clinical world. e. They use research methods that allow data collection through only observation. ANS: A, C, D Interactions with researchers and peers offer valuable opportunities for generating research problems. Experienced researchers serve as mentors and help novice researchers to identify research topics and formulate problems. This type of relationship could also be developed between an expert researcher and a nurse clinician. Since nursing research is critical to be designated as a Magnet facility, hospitals and healthcare systems employ nurse researchers for the purpose of guiding studies conducted by staff nurses. Building an evidence -based practice for nursing requires collaboration between nurse researchers and clinicians, as well as collaboration with researchers from other health -related disciplines. During data collection, study variables are meas ured through a variety of techniques, such as observation, interview, questionnaires, scales, and physiological measurement methods. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 76 8. A master’s student does not know how to choose a research problem. She has been off work for the past two years. What sources can she use in order to identify a researchable nursing problem? Her work area used to be trauma nursing, but she does not wish to perform research in this area. By using which of the following sources can she identify a nursing research problem? (Select all that apply.) a. Talking with nurse friends about questions that have arisen in their work areas b . Talking with other master’s students about ideas for study c. Reading professional research journals d . Depending on her instructors to provide a research problem for her e. National Institutes for Nursing Research priorities ANS: A, B, C, E The major sources for nursing research problems include nursing practice; researcher and peer interactions; literature review; theories; and research priorities identified by individuals, specialty groups, professional organizations, and funding agencies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 75 9. What is the relationship among the research problem, the research purpose, and the research question? (Select all that apply.) a. The purpose is but one of many purposes that can be generated from one particular problem statement. b . The problem statement is more focused and specific than is the purpose. c. The research purpose and the research question should address the same facet of the research problem. d . The problem, purpose, and question are all focused upon a specific gap in the knowledge base. e. Research can be conducted without a research question, but not without a research purpose. ANS: A, C, D A research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge based needed for nursing practice. A research problem includes significance, background, and a problem statement. The problem statement identifies the specific gap in the knowle dge needed for practice. The research purpose is a clear, concise statement of the specific goal or aim of the study that is generated from the research problem, so the purpose is usually identified after the research purpose is identified. Consequently, more than one purpose can emanate from a given problem statement. Based on the research purpose, specific research objectives, questions, or hypotheses are developed to direct the study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 73 10. A researcher gains support of the medical staff, the nursing staff, and the nurse manager of a cardiothoracic ICU within a prestigious private hospital, aligned with a teaching institution. A research proposal, concerning ambulation patterns after bypass s urgery, is approved by the Human Subjects Committee. Federal funding is obtained. Just before data collection is to begin, the hospital is sold to a large university with a medical school, the nurse manager is replaced with a manger from another hospital i n the corporation, and there is a 30% staff turnover. Choose the factors that are real concerns and could impact feasibility. (Select all that apply.) a. Most of the newly hired nurses are BSNs and newly graduated. b . The new manager grudgingly allows the research to proceed but makes it clear that she will not support subsequent research until the unit is more stable. c. Fewer patients come to this hospital now for bypass surgery, going instead to its sister hospital across town. d . Two of the research assistants, who were already trained, take jobs elsewhere. e. Staff nurses dislike the new manager and miss the old one. ANS: B, C, D The feasibility of a study is determined by examining the time and money commitment; the researcher’s expertise; availability of subjects, facility, and equipment; cooperation of others; and the study’s ethical considerations. A study might appear feasible but, without the cooperation of others, it is not. However, most nursing studies involve human subjects and are conducted in hospitals, clinics, schools, offices, or homes. Having the cooperation of people in the research setting, the subjects, and the re search assistants involved in data collection is essential. People are frequently willing to cooperate with a study if they view the problem and purpose as significant or if they are personally interested. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 84 11. A master’s student decides to conduct a pilot study in order to help with which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Assess working nurses’ responses to having a researcher collect data in the middle of their unit. b . Re-evaluate the actual expenditure of the researcher’s time for each subject consented and studied. c. Allow potential subjects to sample research participation before they fully commit. d . Apply for Human Subjects permission to perform the actual study. e. Determine whether the research side has enough research subjects who are interested in participating in the research. ANS: A A pilot study is commonly defined as a smaller version of a proposed study conducted to refine the methodology. It is developed much like the proposed study, using similar subjects, the same setting, the same treatment, and the same data collection and analysis techniques. As the research problem and purpose increase in clarity and conciseness, the researcher has greater direction in determining the feasibility of a study. The feasibility of a study is determined by examining the time and money commitment; the researcher’s expertise; availability of subjects, facility, and equipment; cooperation of others; and the study’s ethical considerations. The purpose selected for investigation must be ethical, and Human Subjects permission must be obtained before even a pilot study is conducted. A pilot study is not used to allow potential subjects to sample participation before they commit: Human Subjects permission must be obtained before study participation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 84 Chapter 6: Review of Relevant Literature Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following would be landmark research? a. The discovery that during pancreatitis, the pancreas is actually digested by its own enzymes b . A description of the importance of injecting immunizations in the proper location of the deltoid c. The third in a series of four papers describing patterns of emergency room use in vacation communities d . The first paper on the effect of using insulin for type I diabetes in humans ANS: D Seminal studies are the first studies that prompted the initiation of the field of research. Landmark studies are the studies that led to an important development or a turning point in the field of research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 100 2. A publication is printed every two months. Its volume number coincides with its year of publication (2008 = 1; 2009 = 2; 2010 = 3; etc.). Its issue number coincides with the order of publication, within a given year (Jan–Feb = 1; Mar–Apr = 2; etc). What kind of a publication is this? a. A monograph b . A periodical c. An e-book d . A serial ANS: D Serials are published over time or may be in multiple volumes, but do not necessarily have a predictable publication date. Periodicals are subsets of serials with predictable publication dates, such as journals, which are published over time and are numbered seque ntially for the years published. This sequential numbering is seen in the year, volume, issue, and page numbering of a journal. Monographs , such as books, hard -copy conference proceedings, or pamphlets, are usually written once and may be updated with a ne w edition as needed. Textbooks are monographs written to be used in formal education programs. Entire volumes of books available in a digital or electronic format are called e-books . DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 100 3. The type of literature that describes concept analyses, models, and frameworks is which of the following? a. Empirical b . Applicable c. Able to be replicated d . Theoretical ANS: D Theoretical literature consists of concept analyses, models, theories, and conceptual frameworks that support a selected research problem and purpose. Empirical literature comprises knowledge derived from research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 100 4. What primary sources might be available to someone writing a biography of Queen Elizabeth I, who died in the 17th century? a. An interview with one of her maids -in-waiting b . A previous history written about her c. An article about her in a 17th-century publication d . A diary written by her ANS: D The published literature contains primary and secondary sources. A primary source is written by the person who originated, or is responsible for generating, the ideas published. A research publication published by the person or people who conducted the research is a primary source. A theoretical book or paper written by the theorist who developed the theory or conceptual content is a primary source. A secondary source summarizes or quotes content from primary sources. Thus, authors of secondary sources paraphrase the works of researchers and theorists. The problem with a secondary source is that the author has interpreted the works of someone else, and this interpretation is influenced by that author’s perception and bias. Authors have sometimes spread errors and misinterpretations by using secondary sources rather than primary sources. You should use mostly primary sources to write literature reviews. Secondary sources are used only if primary sources cannot be located or if a secondary source contains creative ideas or a unique organization of information not found in a primary source. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 101 5. What is the purpose of the minimal review of relevant studies that the grounded theory researcher undertakes before writing the research proposal? a. It compares the anticipated findings with the findings of similar research. b . It directs the researcher in how to strategize data collection. c. It helps the researcher to identify previous findings that will assist in interpretation of the planned study. d It reveals the need for the planned research by identifying what others have done. . ANS: D In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review vary based on the type of study to be conducted. In development of a grounded theory study, a minimal review of relevant studies provides the beginning point of the inquiry, but this review is only a means of making the researcher aware of what studies have been conducted. This information, however, is not used to direct the collection of data or interpretation of the findings in a grounded theory study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 98 6. In terms of the literature review, how are quantitative research and ethnographic research similar? a. Both require the researcher to review the literature before beginning the study. b . Both require the researcher to review the literature after completion of data analysis. c. Both require the researcher to utilize the literature as the primary data source. d . Both consider the literature review extraneous, postponing it until after the study is published. ANS: A In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review vary based on the type of study to be conducted. The purposes for reviewing the literature for ethnographic studies and for exploratory descriptive qualitative research are more simil ar to the literature review for quantitative research. The researcher develops a general understanding of the concepts to be examined related to the selected culture or topic. The literature review also provides a background for conducting the study and in terpreting the findings. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 98 7. Considering phenomenologists’ belief that experience constitutes reality, how does their approach to the literature review dovetail with that belief? a. The literature is exactly as real as the other research data, and it is all analyzed and valued equally during the data analysis portion of the study. b . If the literature reports other phenomenologists’ findings, based on experience, these can be considered alternative data sources. c. The literature is a false interpretation of reality and cannot be considered, either before or after data analysis is complete. d . The literature review is usually postponed until after data analysis completion, so that the understanding of the phenomenon will emanate solely from the data. ANS: B In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review depends on the type of study to be conducted. Some phenomenologists believe the literature should not be reviewed until after the data have been collected and analyzed so that the literature will not interfere with the researcher’s ability to suspend what is known and approach the topic with openness. DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: Page 98 8. In historical research, what is the reason that the literature review begins so early and extends so far into the process? a. Historians must include exact dates in their histories. The literature must be checked and double -checked, in order to verify the correctness of these dates. b . Historical research demands one extra stage of data review, just prior to publication, since new published data could bring the results under scrutiny. c. Historians develop their ideas for research proposals from reading other histories. As discrepancies arise, these provide the ideas for research. d . The literature essentially comprises the bulk of the data set. From this, plus other artifacts and interviews, if available, the historian writes the story. ANS: D In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review vary based on the type of study to be conducted. In historical research, the initial review of the literature helps t he researcher define the study questions and make decisions about relevant sources. The data collection is actually an intense review of published and unpublished documents that the researcher has found. DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: Page 98 9. Why would the Boolean article OR be used if a researcher is conducting a digital literature search of journals on the topic of prolonged adolescent grieving after parental loss? a. It focuses the search on parental loss, the last search term. b . It is useful when a researcher is undecided. c. It narrows the search to articles containing all terms. d . It allows the researcher to enter the search terms without excluding those whose authors did not “keyword” all the words of the topic. ANS: D The Boolean operators are the three words AND, OR, and NOT. Often they must be capitalized. The Boolean operators AND and NOT are used with the identified concepts. The Boolean operator OR is most useful with synonymous terms or concepts. It is used to search for the presence of any of a group of terms in the same search. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 105 10. The original quotation in the fictional text by Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe (2009) is as follows: “Because of overemphasis on academic excellence, especially test grades, the high schools studied had a disproportionate number of students who reported sleeplessness, nervousness, nightmares, and guilt. These were attributed to various factors, the most significant of which was a very strict principal, who voiced open disapproval of students she felt were underachieving their enormous academic potential. Parents were very accepting of this behavior, echoing it in their interactions with the stude nts.” What is the acceptable way to properly attribute this content in a literature review? a. Parents were very accepting of the principal’s behavior, which included voiced disapproval of underachieving students, echoing it in their interactions with their sons and daughters. b . Because of overemphasis on academic excellence, especially test grades, the high schools studied had a disproportionate number of students who reported sleeplessness, nervousness, nightmares, and guilt. Thes e were attributed to various factors, the most significant of which was a very strict principal, who voiced open disapproval of students she felt were underachieving their enormous academic potential. Parents were very accepting of this behavior, echoing it in their interactions with the students. (Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe, 2009). c. As compared with other high schools, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe (2009) reported a higher incidence of distress manifestations, such as nightmares and nervousness, in a strictly college -prep school with an extremely disapproving principal, who verbally berated students for less -than-expected academic performance. d . High schools with disapproving authority figures have a higher incidence of somatization (see Atchison et al, 2009). ANS: C Rather than using direct quotes from an author, the writer of the literature review should paraphrase the author’s ideas. Use of the author’s exact words represents plagiarism. Eliminating the quotation marks, and citing an entire paragraph, with the authors’ names at the end, also constitutes plagiarism. Paraphrasing involves expressing the ideas clearly and in one’s own words. The meanings of these sources are then connected to the proposed study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 111 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following might a researcher include in a review of the literature concerning acupuncture and conscious sedation for major surgical procedures? (Select all that apply.) a. A research article from the Journal of Acupuncture comparing the use of acupuncture with general anesthesia b . Bryson’s Human Physiology textbook c. A research synthesis on alternatives to general anesthesia compiled by the Agency for Health Policy and Research d . An article in National Enquirer on the dangers of major surgery e. A master’s thesis on the use of acupuncture during closed reduction of radial -ulnar fractures f. A Wikipedia article on how acupuncture works g . A monograph written by a physician in a third world country who used acupuncture to control pain during surgical procedures ANS: A, B, C, E, G “The literature” consists of all written sources relevant to the selected topic. The literature includes newspapers, monographs, encyclopedias, conference papers, scientific journals, textbooks, other books, theses, dissertations, and clinical journals. Websites and reports developed by government agencies and professional organizations are also included. Online encyclopedias to which anyone can contribute, such as Wikipedia, are not considered scholarly sources. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 97 2. A student’s first draft of her thesis contains the following: Evidence to the contrary was provided in several studies of efficacy but never examined in a context of “the adolescent at sea with the ghost of his losses” (Reynolds, 2011). The student’s reference list contains the following citation for this work: Reynold, A. R. (2010). Never underestimate depression. Journal of Applied Psychology . What is wrong with it? (Select all that apply.) a. The reference list should re-state the quotation. b . The reference is incomplete, lacking volume number and page numbers. c. The years of the citation differ. d . The author’s name is spelled differently in the citation and in the reference list. e. No page number is provided for the direct quotation. ANS: B, C, D, E Sources that will be cited in a paper or recorded in a reference list should be cross -checked two or three times to prevent errors. Questions that will identify common errors are displayed in Box 6-1. To prevent these errors, the author checks all the citations within the text of the literature review and each citation in his or her reference list, to assure agreement and completeness. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 112 3. In which of the following methods does substantive review of the literature take place after data analysis? (Select all that apply.) a. Grounded theory b . Historicism c. Phenomenology d . Ethnography e. Quantitative descriptive ANS: A, C In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review depends on the type of study to be conducted. Some phenomenologists believe the literature should not be reviewed until after the data have been collected and analyzed so that the literature will not interfere with the researcher’s ability to suspend what is known and approach the topic with openness. In development of a grounded theory study, a minimal review of relevant studies provides the beginning point of the inquiry, but this re view is only a means of making the researcher aware of what studies have been conducted. This information, however, is not used to direct the collection of data or interpretation of the findings in a grounded theory study. During the data analysis stage, a core variable is identified and the researcher theoretically samples the literature for extant theories that may assist in explaining and extending the emerging theory. In historical research, the initial review of the literature helps the researcher define the study questions and make decisions about relevant sources. The data collection is actually an intense review of published and unpublished documents that the researcher has found. The purposes for reviewing the literature for ethnographic studies and for exploratory descriptive qualitative research are more similar to the literature review for quantitative research. The researcher develops a general understanding of the concepts to be examined related to the selected culture or topic. The literature r eview also provides a background for conducting the study and interpreting the findings. The review of literature in quantitative research directs the development and implementation of a study. The focus of the major literature review at the beginning of t he research process is to identify a gap in what is known. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 98 4. Which of the following are purposes of the literature review in quantitative research concerning patient compliant with alternating leg pressure stockings (ALPs)? (Select all that apply.) a. It gives the researcher an overview of anecdotal reports about how it feels to the patient to wear ALPs. b . It allows the researcher to use the data from previous research on ALPs to add to his or her database. c. It allows the researcher to construct theory about compliance with ALPs. d . It gives the researcher something with which to compare his or her findings on compliance with ALPs. e. It allows the researcher to discover previous research in the area of ALPs, so as to identify what is not known (the research gap). ANS: D, E The review of literature in quantitative research directs the development and implementation of a study. The focus of the major literature review at the beginning of the research process is to identify a gap in what is known. The study is designed to add knowledge in the area of the identified gap. After a thorough review of the literature, the researcher identifies a specific gap in knowledge. After the data have been analyzed and the findings described, the researcher will return to the literature in the generalization phase of the research report to integrate knowledge from the literature with new knowledge obtained from the study. The purpose of the literature review is similar for the different types of quantitative studies (descriptive, correlational, quasi -experimental, and experimental). DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 98 5. In phenomenology, often the review of the literature is conducted after data analysis is complete. What is the reason for this? (Select all that apply.) a. The data analysis phase of phenomenology includes a literature review. b . Phenomenology is data-free, and analyses are based only on the interpretation of the researcher. c. Some phenomenologists do believe that one can “bracket” what is known, in order to perform an unbiased analysis, but it seems pointless to absorb information just to then put it aside, so literature review is usually postponed. d . Some phenomenologists don’t believe that one can “bracket” what is known, in order to perform an unbiased analysis of the data, so they try to minimize what they read about the topic of the study until data analysis is complete. e. The review of the literature provides an objective cross -check for the researcher’s interpretation. ANS: C, D In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review depends on the type of study to be conducted. Some phenomenologists believe the literature should not be reviewed until after the data have been collected and analyzed so that the literature will not interfere with the researcher’s ability to suspend what is known and approach the topic with openness. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 98 6. It is appropriate to conduct a review of the literature in which of the following circumstances? (Select all that apply.) a. An ethnographic study is planned. b . A nurse is interested in conducting research on patients who “sundown.” c. One requirement for a graduate course paper is a written literature review. d . A hospital is attempting to develop a policy on bathing frequency for elders. e. The hospital attorney is preparing a brief relative to a fall suffered by a patient. ANS: A, B, C, D For most course papers, instructors expect students to review published sources related to the paper’s topic. Evidence -based practice guidelines are developed through the synthesis of the literature on the clinical problem. The purpose of the literature review designed to examine the strength of the evidence is to identify all studies that provide evidence of a particular intervention, to critically appraise the quality of each study, and to synthesize all of the studies providing evidence of the effectiven ess of a particular intervention. The purposes for reviewing the literature for ethnographic studies and for exploratory descriptive qualitative research are more similar to the literature review for quantitative research. The researcher develops a general understanding of the concepts to be examined related to the selected culture or topic. The literature review also provides a background for conducting the study and interpreting the findings. The focus of the major literature review at the beginning of the research process is to identify a gap in what is known. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 98 7. The review of literature in quantitative research directs everything from the first ideas about the study variables through recommendations based upon the study’s conclusions. Which of the following are outputs of the literature review in quantitative research? (Select all that apply.) a. Development of conceptual definitions of concepts b . Determining the statistical power of the sample c. Determination of how many subjects will drop out of the study d . Description of what studies have been performed, so as to provide initial direction for the study method e. Interpretation of the study findings, in comparison with previous research ANS: A, D, E In quantitative studies, information obtained from the review of literature influences the development of several steps in the research process (Table 6-1), which include, among other items: developing conceptual and operational definitions, defining the purpose of the study, establishing the research gap, synthesizing previous research in the area, selecting a research design, and finally interpreting the study, in light of previous research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 99 8. Why would a reputable researcher use a secondary source instead of a primary one? (Select all that apply.) a. The primary publication is written in a language not currently spoken. b . The primary source person will not consent to be interviewed, but a person who knows the story secondhand will consent. c. The primary publication is so steeped in jargon that it is very difficult to decipher. d . The researcher has limited time and cannot squander it searching for primary sources. e. The primary publication describes only the beginnings of a theory, and a later publication presents it in entirety. f. There have never been any primary sources in this area. g . The primary publication is no longer in print, and there are no extant copies. ANS: A, B, C, E, G The published literature contains primary and secondary sources. A primary source is written by the person who originated, or is responsible for generating, the ideas published. A research publication published by the person or people wh o conducted the research is a primary source. A theoretical book or paper written by the theorist who developed the theory or conceptual content is a primary source. A secondary source summarizes or quotes content from primary sources. Thus, authors of sec ondary sources paraphrase the works of researchers and theorists. The problem with a secondary source is that the author has interpreted the works of someone else, and this interpretation is influenced by that author’s perception and bias. Authors have sometimes spread errors and misinterpretations by using secondary sources rather than primary sources. One should use mostly primary sources to write literature reviews. Secondary sources are used when primary sources cannot be located or utilized, or if a secondary source contains creative ideas or a unique organization of information not found in a primary source. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 101 Chapter 7: Frameworks Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is a framework? a. The abstract, logical structure of meaning b . A concept at a high level of abstraction with a very general meaning c. An integrated set of defined concepts, existence statements, and relational statements that can be used to describe, explain, predict, or control that phenomenon d . A diagram that expresses the interrelationships of concepts and statements ANS: A A framework is the abstract, logical structure of meaning that guides the development of the study and enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing’s body of knowledge. A concept is a term that abstractly describes and names an object, a phenomen on, or an idea, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning. A construct is a concept at a high level of