(Test Bank) Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist

Beatty, 5

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Test Bank

5th Edition

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Test Bank for Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist, The downloadable file consists of 188 pages, and the total size of the file is 1.89 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Beatty

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Chapter 01: People’s Health: An Introduction Beatty: Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 5th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following statements differentiates dental public health from the private practice of dentistry? a. Dental public health is funded by the government, but private practice is not. b. Dental public health is the form of dental practice that serves the community as the patient rather than the individual. c. Dental public health does not concern assessment of treatment needs as does private practice. d. Dental public health is concerned solely with prevention rather than treatment of disease. ANS: B Dental public health is the form of dental practice that serves the community as the patient rather than the individual. It is concerned with the dental education of the public, with applied dental research, and with the administration of group dental care programs, as well as prevention and control of dental diseases on a community basis. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 1-2 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 2. Which of the following terms refers to the effort that is organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the health and quality of life? a. Class structure b. Population demographics c. Social stratification d. Public health ANS: D Both public health and community health refer to this societal effort. Public health is concerned with prevention, health education, recommending policies, administering services, conducting research, and limiting health disparities by promoting healthcare equity, quality, and accessibility. Community health includes a wide range of healthcare interventions, including health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, and management and administration of care. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 1-2 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 3. Each of the following is one of the guiding principles common criteria used to identify public health problems EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Degree to which it negatively affects health equity. b. Burden of the disease or condition. c. Political will to address the issue. d. Minimal cost to treat the problem. ANS: D The “Guiding Principles Used to Identify Public Health Problems” includes: burden of the disease or condition, prevalence of a risk factor for the disease or condition, ability of affecting the population as a whole, seriousness of the problem, economic or social impact, public health concern, political will to address the issue, availability of resources, requirement for group action to solve the problem, availability of current interventions, cultural appropriateness of the problem, and degree to which it negatively affects health equity. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 2-3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 4. Which of the following is a public health problem rather than a public health solution? a. Immunizations b. Fluoridation of drinking water c. Chronic diseases of the expanding population of older adults d. Seat belts and air bags ANS: C Diseases caused by pollution of the country’s air and water systems, chronic diseases of the expanding population of older adults, inadequate funding for dental disease in indigent children, and an increase in violence among youth of today are all viewed as public health problems. Public health solutions are concerned with health promotion and disease prevention. They address the problems of the community at large. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 2-3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 5. Which of the following represents one of the characteristics of public health solutions? a. A long implementation period demonstrates conscientious planning. b. Potency should be maintained for a short time in the event that problems require retooling. c. Socioeconomic status should limit distribution to those who can most easily carry the cost burden. d. They should be effective immediately upon application. ANS: D The seven characteristics of public health solutions are as follows: not hazardous to life or function, effective in reducing or preventing the targeted disease or condition, easily and efficiently implemented, potency maintained for a substantial time period, attainable regardless of socioeconomic status, effective immediately upon application, and inexpensive and within the means of the community. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 6. Which of the following dental treatment modalities meets all seven characteristics of public health solutions needed to be considered an effective treatment for dental decay? a. Glass ionomer restorative material b. Stainless steel crown c. Community water fluoridation d. Dental amalgam ANS: C Community water fluoridation meets all the seven characteristics needed to be considered an effective solution to the problem of dental decay. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 7. Community water fluoridation: a. reaches all people, regardless of socioeconomic status. b. requires several years of application before positive effects can be measured. c. proves to be more of a financial burden than restorative treatment. d. only meets five of the seven characteristics considered to be an effective solution to the problem of dental decay. ANS: A Community water fluoridation has proven to be a safe, cost-effective solution for reducing dental decay in children. It reaches all people regardless of socioeconomic status. It is effective immediately upon initiation and costs far less than the financial burden of restorative treatment. It meets all the seven characteristics to be considered an effective solution to the problem of dental decay. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 8. Which of the following best describes the prevalence of dental disease as a dental health problem? a. The highest rate of untreated caries is among adults aged 35 to 44 b. 80% of children aged 6-9 have experienced caries c. 40% rate of untreated caries in permanent teeth of 13- to 15-year-olds d. Universal ANS: D Dental diseases are universal, chronic problems that do not undergo remission if left untreated. For American children ages 3 to 5 years, 29.7% have caries experience in primary teeth, 14.1% have untreated caries in primary teeth. For American children ages 6-9, 51.7% have had caries experience in primary or permanent teeth; 16.2% have untreated dental caries in primary or permanent teeth. For American adolescents ages 13 to 15 years, 49.9% with caries experience in permanent teeth, 17.9% with untreated caries in permanent teeth. For American adults, 31.3% aged 35 to 44 with untreated caries, 72% aged 45 to 64 missing a tooth from caries or periodontal disease. For older American adults, 19.1% aged 65 to 74 with untreated coronal caries, 37.9% aged 75+ with untreated root caries, and 15.2% aged 65 to 74 completely edentulous. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4|Table 1.2 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 9. Approximately ___ million people in the United States and ___ million people in Canada do not have access to optimally fluoridated water. a. 72: 22 b. 22: 72 c. 102: 72 d. 72: 102 ANS: A About 72 million people in the U.S. and 22 million Canadians do not have access to optimally fluoridated water. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 10. What impact has fluoridated drinking water had on the rate of dental decay? a. Very little or no reduction b. A slight reduction c. A significant reduction d. A slight increase ANS: C Organized community efforts have brought fluoridated drinking water to more than 210 million people in the U.S. and to 13.9 million in Canada, and the results have shown a significant reduction in the amount of dental caries in both countries. Community water fluoridation is the perfect example of a dental public health solution to the problem of dental decay. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 4 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 11. Which of the following components of a public health plan correlate to those in a private practice setting? a. Examination, analysis, treatment planning, appraisal b. Survey, analysis, implementation, funding c. Survey, diagnosis, implementation, patient evaluation d. Diagnosis program planning, implementation, fee payment ANS: B The relationship between the components in the private practice sector of patient, examination, diagnosis, treatment planning, fee payment, and patient education correlate to community, assessment, analysis, program planning, program implementation, program funding, and program evaluation in public health programs. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 1-2|Table 1.1 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 12. Which public health component is equivalent to diagnosis in private practice? a. Survey b. Analysis c. Program planning d. Program evaluation ANS: B Analysis is equivalent to diagnosis. The survey is equivalent to an examination, program planning is equivalent to treatment planning, and program evaluation is equivalent to patient evaluation. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 1-2|Table 1.1 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 13. The federal government’s role in participating in dental health–related activities falls under the jurisdiction of which of the following? a. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) b. Department of the Interior (DOI) c. Institute of Medicine (IOM) d. Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) ANS: A The federal government’s role in participating in dental health–related activities falls under the jurisdiction of the DHHS. The primary involvement of the federal government in public health is to provide an infrastructure, research, surveillance, and funding for programs that are carried out at the state and local levels. DIF: Recall REF: p. 5 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 14. Which of the following organizations publishes Healthy People? a. World Health Organization (WHO) b. Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) c. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) d. National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS) ANS: C As a major ongoing initiative of the DHHS, Healthy People provides science-based goals and measurable objectives for the United States designed to improve the health of the public. Also included are targets and guidance for reaching the targets. These objectives and targets direct the agenda of government health programs based on a 10-year framework and objectives for their own community health programming. DIF: Recall REF: p. 8 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 15. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is an operating agency under which of the following? a. National Institutes of Health (NIH) b. Public Health Service (PHS) c. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) d. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) ANS: B The CDC, NIH, HRSA, AHRQ, and NIDCR are all operating agencies under the Public Health Service (PHS). The PHS, in turn, is one of four major agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). DIF: Recall REF: p. 5|Figure 1.2 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 16. Which Federal Government Agency supports research to improve the quality of health care and reduce its costs? a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). b. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). c. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). d. National Institutes of Health (NIH). ANS: B The AHRQ supports research to improve the quality of health care, reduce its costs, address patient safety and medical errors, and increase access to care. The CDC works to protect people’s health and safety by addressing a wide range of health threats, including oral diseases through the Division of Oral Health (DOH), focusing on disease prevention and wellness promotion, providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and encouraging strong community partnerships. The HRSA is the primary agency for improving access to health care for people who are uninsured, isolated, or medically vulnerable through various means, including funding community and school-based health centers and programs that strengthen the healthcare workforce, build healthy communities, and help to achieve health equity. The NIH conducts and funds epidemiologic, medical, and biomedical research; provides science transfer; trains researchers; and promotes acquisition and distribution of medical knowledge. DIF: Recall REF: p. 6|Box 1.2 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 17. According to the plan, the next version of Healthy People 2020 will be Healthy People to be released in which year? a. 2021 b. 2023 c. 2025 d. 2030 ANS: D The first Healthy People goals were set in 1979 for the next decade. Work on the fifth version, Healthy People 2030, began in 2016 to be launched in 2020. DIF: Recall REF: p. 8 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 18. What three core public health functions were identified in an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report in 1998? a. Determination, analysis, recapitulation b. Assessment, policy development, assurance c. Delineation, program development, analysis d. Stratification, process, modification ANS: B The core public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance were identified in an IOM report in 1988. This report states that the core public health functions were developed to protect and promote health, wellness, and quality of life and to prevent disease, injury, disability, and death. DIF: Recall REF: p. 9|Box 1.5 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 19. Which of the following was listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as one of the 10 greatest public health accomplishments of the twentieth century? a. Reduction in edentulism of Americans older than 65 years of age from 25% to less than 5% b. Fluoride in drinking water c. Dental sealants to prevent decay in pits and fissures d. Advances in the treatment of adult periodontitis ANS: B Fluoride in drinking water was identified by the CDC as one of the 10 most important public health accomplishments of the twentieth century. Fluoridated drinking water reaches more than 210 million people in the U.S. and 13.9 million in Canada, with significant reductions in dental caries in both countries. DIF: Recall REF: p. 11 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 20. Dentists become recognized specialists in the field of dental public health through specialty certification with the American Board of Dental Health. In most states, dental hygienists have no required formal or specialty education. a. Both answers are true. b. Both answers are false. c. The first answer is true; the second answer is false. d. The first answer is false; the second answer is true. ANS: A Both answers are true, although some dental hygienists have pursued advanced degrees in public health or community health. DIF: Application REF: p. 11 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 21. Insurance coverage, Medicaid coverage, and the number of Medicaid dental providers have all increased, and a significant number of people: a. have coverage and access to dental care is no longer a public health problem. b. have coverage yet access to dental care continues to be a public health problem. c. still do not have coverage and access to dental care is no longer a public health problem. d. still do not have coverage and access to dental care continues to be a public health problem. ANS: D While the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that passed in 2010, also known as Obamacare, increased dental coverage, 48 percent of children on Medicaid did not receive any dental care in 2017. In addition, early figures indicate that although 9.8 million adults gained dental benefits through 2017 as a result of the ACA, adults who have dental coverage through Medicaid do not fully utilize the benefits. Also, even with the ACA, gaps have remained for many low-income adults and most older adults. DIF: Recall REF: p. 10 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 22. Each of the following is true of the American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA) EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Developed competencies for a graduate dental hygiene degree along with ADEA. b. Advocates for direct access of the public to oral healthcare services provided by a dental hygienist. c. Opposes alternative dental hygiene practice models. d. Supports utilizing mid-level oral health practitioners and advocated for a dental hygiene-based workforce model for them. ANS: C The American Dental Hygienists’Association (ADHA) and the Canadian Dental Hygienists Association support alternative dental hygiene practice models to increase access to oral health care for underserved groups. Forty-two states allowed direct access in community-based settings in 2018. The White House report Reforming America’s Healthcare System Through Choice and Competition called for utilizing dental hygienists, dental therapists, and other mid-level providers at the “top of their license”. DIF: Application REF: p. 12|Box 1.6 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 23. In 2015, the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) adopted accreditation standards for ______________ programs that include requirements for community-based learning experiences to be able to serve in a community setting. a. dental laboratory b. dental assisting c. dental d. dental therapy ANS: D ADHA has suggested advanced community-based education for dental hygienists who are filling the expanded roles of innovative workforce models. Most states that have advanced certification for dental hygienists have established this requirement. DIF: Recall REF: p. 13 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 24. Which of the following defines community health? a. Focuses on studying, protecting, and improving health within a community. b. An approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire population. c. A health problem perceived by the public d. It cannot be defined, as it differs for each study ANS: A Community health includes a wide range of healthcare interventions, including health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, and management and administration of care. Population Health is an approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire population. DIF: Recall REF: p. 2 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 25. Which of the following defines population health? a. The health status of a defined group within a population b. An approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire population. c. A health problem perceived by the public d. It cannot be defined, as it differs with each study ANS: B Population Health is an approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire population. It focuses on the implicit goal of improving health outcomes in the population, including the distribution of outcomes within the group. Population health encompasses health status of a population and emphasizes the varied extent of factors that affect public health: environmental and individual factors that influence health, disparities and inequities, determinants of health, and shared responsibility for accountability. It requires collaboration of community partners to improve outcomes and an epidemiologic approach to manage the health of the population, making measurement fundamental. DIF: Recall REF: p. 2 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 26. Which of the following would NOT be considered a measurement of SES? a. Occupation b. Disease c. Wealth d. Residence ANS: B Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important concept in public health. SES is the social standing or position of a person or group in a community or society on a social–economic scale. It is measured by factors such as education, type of occupation, income, wealth, and place of residence. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 3-4 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 27. Approximately __ million Americans do not have access to optimally fluoridated water. a. 13.9 b. 22 c. 72 d. 210 ANS: C Organized community efforts have brought fluoridated drinking water to more than 210 million people in the U.S. and to 13.9 million in Canada, with significant reductions in dental caries in both countries. Nevertheless, approximately 72 million Americans and 22 million Canadians do not have access to optimally fluoridated water. Thus, the oral health agendas of both nations aim to increase the percentage of the population that has access to optimally fluoridated water. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 28. Which of the following is NOT being applied toward the goal of freeing communities from dental disease? a. Knowledge b. Resources c. Community awareness d. Assessment and evaluation ANS: B The knowledge exists, but because of restraints and a lack of resources, this knowledge is not being applied toward the goal of communities free from dental disease. DIF: Recall REF: p. 10 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 29. Approximately what percentage of children on Medicaid did not receive any dental care in 2017? a. 10 b. 30 c. 50 d. 70 ANS: C While the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that passed in 2010, also known as Obamacare, increased dental coverage, 48 percent of children on Medicaid did not receive any dental care in 2017. DIF: Recall REF: p. 10 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 30. One strategy to shape the future of oral health care in the U.S. is to have ________ Medicaid reimbursement for dental hygienists. a. direct b. indirect c. indirect under the supervision of a dentist d. direct under the supervision of a dentist ANS: A One strategy is to advocate for states to allow direct Medicaid reimbursement to dental hygienists to be able to accommodate more people who have Medicaid dental coverage. In 2018 only 18 states provided for direct Medicaid reimbursement to dental hygienists. DIF: Recall REF: p. 11 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 31. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed in 2010, and yet gaps in the utilization rate of dental coverage through Medicaid remain for many: a. adults of all income levels. b. adults of all income levels but including few older adults. c. Low-income adults but including few older adults. d. low-income adults and most older adults. ANS: D Early figures indicate that although 9.8 million adults gained dental benefits through 2017 as a result of the ACA, adults who have dental coverage through Medicaid do not fully utilize the benefits. Also, even with the ACA, gaps have remained for many low-income adults and most older adults. DIF: Recall REF: p. 10 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 32. The public perception of a health problem is which of the following? a. Accurate and infectious disease focused. b. Inadequate, as the spectrum of health issues is more vast and diverse than realized. c. Increase the number of individuals covered by Medicaid. d. Well managed by private indemnity insurance and not by safety net measures. ANS: B The public health problem, as perceived by the public, usually brings to mind an infectious disease such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or influenza. The spectrum of problems, however, is vast and diverse. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 2-3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 33. Which one of the following public health problems and concerns identified by the CDC in 2016 is most closely related to the current opioid epidemic? a. Prescription drug overdose b. Nutrition, physical activity, and obesity c. Healthcare-associated infections d. Food safety ANS: A The shift from abuse of illicit drugs to the abuse of legal drugs is interesting to note. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3|Box 1.1 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 34. Stigma and complacency are among the most insidious opponents in fighting against which disease? a. Rape b. HIV c. Cardiovascular disease d. Violence ANS: B In the fight against HIV, stigma and complacency are among our most insidious opponents. Rape is not a disease. Nearly 800,000 people die in the United States each year from cardiovascular disease, accounting for one in three deaths and more than $300 billion in direct medical costs and lost productivity, but this disease does not have the stigma that HIV carries. Violence is not a disease. DIF: Application REF: pp. 2-3|Box 1.1 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 35. Which of the following is a “Guiding Principles Common Criteria Used to Identify Public Health Problems? a. Whether the problem is a disease that is bacterial or viral in nature. b. Degree to which it negatively affects health equity. c. If the problem affects people in the home or in the workplace. d. If the problem is at the local, state, or federal level. ANS: B The guiding principles are: burden of the disease or condition, prevalence of a risk factor for the disease or condition, ability of affecting the population as a whole, seriousness of the problem, economic or social impact, public health concern, political will to address the issue, availability of resources, requirement for group action to solve the problem, availability of current interventions, cultural appropriateness of the problem, and degree to which it negatively affects health equity. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 36. Impacting oral health to address the multifactorial nature of oral disease will require which of the following? a. Research b. Cost to benefit ratio c. Interprofessional collaborative education d. Closer relationships with third-party carriers of insurance ANS: C Impacting oral health will require greater interprofessional collaborative education for all healthcare providers in order to secure the success of interprofessional collaborative practice (IPP) as a means of more effectively addressing the multifactorial nature of oral diseases. Developing alliances with other health care professionals can influence oral health in two ways. Dental professionals can impact the lives of these patients from a total health perspective. In addition, other health care professionals can become aware of the effect of oral health on the systemic conditions they are treating, and vice versa. Interprofessional partnerships have the potential to change the perception of oral health and overcome barriers to optimize preventive care. Research is one aspect of addressing the problems, as is understanding the cost to benefit ratio of programs. Closer relationships with third-party insurance carriers are not likely to impact the multifactorial nature of oral disease. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 11 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 37. The organization that cosponsored an initiative to develop core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice (IPP) is which of the following? a. ADEA b. ADHA c. ADA d. ADHP ANS: A In 2016 the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC), with ADEA as a charter member organization, reaffirmed the value and impact of the core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice (IPP) that were developed by IPEC in 2011 and implemented nationwide in educational programs of six health professions, including dentistry and dental hygiene. The 2016 update report described the headway made in interprofessional education (IPE), the inclusion in IPEC of additional health professions, and the vital collaborations that will forge the future of IPE and IPP. The report also presented the reorganized and broadened competencies and sub-competencies that were designed to “improve the patient experience of care, improve the health of populations, and reduce the per capita cost of health care.” DIF: Recall REF: p. 12|Box 1.6 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 38. Which of the following agencies administers the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program? a. CDC b. ACF c. DOD d. USDA ANS: D The USDA administers the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. Local WIC programs provide nutritional foods, education, screening, and referrals, including for dental care and education, for eligible women who are pregnant, are breastfeeding, or have young children under age 5. DIF: Recall REF: p. 6|Box 1.2 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following are criteria for identifying public health problems? (Select all that apply.) a. Cultural appropriateness of the problem b. Public health concern c. Cost of procedures d. Seriousness of the problem e. Economic or social impact ANS: A, B, D, E The guiding principles common criteria used to identify public health problems are: burden of the disease or condition, prevalence of a risk factor for the disease or condition, ability of affecting the population as a whole, seriousness of the problem, economic or social impact, public health concern, political will to address the issue, availability of resources, requirement for group action to solve the problem, availability of current interventions, cultural appropriateness of the problem, and degree to which it negatively affects health equity. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 2. Public health services and public health services to promote oral health are organized around which of the following essential elements? (Select all that apply.) a. Assessment b. Evaluation c. Policy development d. Orientation e. Assurance f. Confidentiality ANS: A, C, E The essential public health services and public health services to promote oral health are organized around the core functions of public health: assessment, policy development, and assurance. DIF: Recall REF: p. 9 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs Chapter 02: Careers in Public Health for the Dental Hygienist Beatty: Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 5th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the number of years a dental hygiene curriculum has been in existence? a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100 ANS: D Dr. Alfred Fones started the Fones School of Dental Hygiene in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1913. Dr. Fones developed a curriculum for dental hygienists who began work within the Bridgeport Public School system. Dr. Fones had a vision for what we now call interprofessional collaborative practice when he spoke of a connection between oral health and systemic health and the dental hygienist’s role in addressing systemic conditions of the schoolchildren by implementing preventive oral health programs. DIF: Application REF: p. 17 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 2. Public health careers for dental hygienists now run the gamut from high-level administrative posts to providing dental hygiene care for various populations in a local community. Dental hygienists in public health positions require an advanced degree. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. ANS: C Dental hygienists in public health positions can have an entry-level degree or an advanced degree, depending on the responsibilities of the position and the requirements of the organization or agency. Many dental hygienists with advanced degrees working in public health began their public health careers with the minimum level of education. They chose to continue their education as their interests developed, their challenges expanded, and their desire grew to do more for the oral health of their community. DIF: Recall REF: p. 17 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 3. Public health has the potential to: (1) take the dental hygienist into the realm of program development, implementation, and evaluation; (2) present a chance to work with various populations, other professionals, agencies, financing mechanisms, and rules and regulations; (3) provide a variety of activities that reflect the diverse roles of the dental hygienist; (4) and offer an opportunity for career advancement to higher level administrative and management positions. a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 1, 2, 3 but not 4 c. 1, 2, 4, but not 3 d. 1, 3, 4, but not 2 ANS: A All are true. Public health has the potential to take the dental hygienist into the realm of program development, implementation, and evaluation; present a chance to work with various populations, other professionals, agencies, financing mechanisms, and rules and regulations; provide a variety of activities that reflect the diverse roles of the dental hygienist; and offer an opportunity for career advancement to higher level administrative and management positions. DIF: Recall REF: p. 18 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 4. According to a national report (Oral Health in America), the Surgeon General revealed which of the following types of disparity among specific groups in oral health status and access to dental care? a. Negligible b. Slight c. Moderate d. Profound ANS: D There are profound disparities among specific groups in oral health status and access to dental care in the United States. Federal agencies and state governments are addressing these gaps in access to oral health care through legislation, policy development, and refocusing of programs. DIF: Application REF: p. 18 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 5. Which level of supervision allows the dental hygienist to provide services as he or she determines without specific authorization or supervision? a. Direct supervision b. Indirect supervision c. General supervision d. Direct Access ANS: D Direct access means the dental hygienist can provide services as he or she determines appropriate without specific authorization or supervision, it also is referred to as unsupervised practice. The dentist must be present, examines the patient to authorize the work to be performed, and inspects it after to ensure quality under direct supervision. For general supervision, the dentist must be present, generally authorizes the work to be performed, examines the patient, either before or after work is performed, and is available for consultation during treatment. For general supervision, the dentist must authorize the work to be completed before services but does not need to be present during treatment; the patient must be one of record. DIF: Recall REF: p. 21|Table 2.2 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 6. One of the guiding principles for creating access to oral health care through legislation and policy development is to encourage which of the following? a. Restriction of funding for dental services b. Increasing the scope of dental hygienists’ duties c. Compliance with repayment of educational loans d. Elimination of dental benefits through existing public insurance programs ANS: B Increasing the scope of dental hygienists’ duties, allocating additional funds for dental services, extending educational loans and loan forgiveness for dental professionals, and additional dental benefits through existing public insurance programs are all facets of the guiding principles for creating access to health care through legislation and policy development. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 18|Guiding Principles box OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 7. Public health settings are categorized as which of the following types of practice settings? a. Expanded b. Modified c. Alternative d. Distributive ANS: C Public health settings are categorized as alternative practice settings. Examples of this type of setting are a community-based clinic, a migrant health center, a mobile van, a school-based oral health program, a hospital, a long-term care facility, a nursing home, and individual homes of homebound individuals. Dental hygienists can provide preventive services in these settings, reaching large numbers of people who might not otherwise receive care. DIF: Recall REF: p. 19 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 8. Which of the following is an example of primary prevention? a. An amalgam restoration b. Dentures c. Dental prophylaxis d. Implants ANS: C Dental prophylaxis, sealants, and water fluoridation are examples of primary prevention. Primary prevention prevents disease before it occurs. This level includes health education, disease prevention, and health protection. Restorations such as amalgams and composites are examples of secondary prevention, which eliminates or reduces diseases in the early stages. Dentures, implants, and bridge work are examples of tertiary prevention. This level is the most costly and requires highly trained professionals to treat the disease. DIF: Recall REF: p. 20|Table 2.1 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 9. Which of the following is one solution to the access to care problem adopted by many states? a. Opened new dental hygiene programs b. Increased funding to construct new community treatment facilities c. Changed restrictive dental practice acts d. Supported the development of new mass transit systems ANS: C As a solution to the access problem, many states have changed restrictive dental practice acts that prevent the dental hygienist from practicing without the supervision of a dentist and that prevent dental hygienists from receiving direct reimbursement from third-party payers, such as Medicaid or private dental insurers. DIF: Application REF: p. 21|Box 2.2 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 10. In the state of Washington, a dental hygienist may practice unsupervised in hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, group homes, state institutions, and public health facilities provided the hygienist meets the requirements of clinical experience and which of the following? a. Files a treatment plan with the Washington State Department of Public Health b. Refers to the dentist for treatment c. Meets all infection control requirements d. Passes an examination administered by the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB) ANS: B In Washington state, dental hygienists may be employed, retained, or contracted to practice unsupervised in hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, group homes, state institutions, and public health facilities, provided the hygienist refers to the dentist for treatment and meets a requirement of clinical experience. In addition, in senior centers, dental hygienists in Washington state may provide limited dental hygiene services under the off-site supervision of a dentist. DIF: Recall REF: p. 21 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 11. In addition to the dentist and dental hygienist workforce numbers, which of the following is useful in determining professional shortage areas? a. Number of dental assistants b. Number of recent graduates c. Percentage of water fluoridation d. Population size ANS: D The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) defines a dental health professional shortage area (dental HPSA) for the purpose of funding for public health programs. One of the criteria used for this designation is the population-to-provider-ratio. The workforce numbers, compared with population size, are useful in determining professional shortage areas and the need for community oral health programs. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 21 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 12. Which of the following is a term for a clinical dental professional who provides patient care under the supervision of a dentist? a. Dental therapist b. Adjunct provider c. Ancillary provider d. Apprentice provider ANS: A Most of the new workforce models in dentistry are various forms of a dental therapist, similar to the physician assistant as part of the healthcare team. DIF: Recall REF: p. 22 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 13. Which of the following is true of the innovative dental workforce delivery models? a. Midlevel providers require medical supervision which drives up the cost. b. This model is unable to fill an unmet need. c. Applications in dentistry include oral health care for underserved populations. d. This model is associated with higher cost with lower quality care. ANS: C Various dental workforce delivery models have been developed to serve the populations that cannot easily access dental services as the result of problems of geographic location, poor financial resources, no dental insurance, a lack of understanding about disease prevention measures, a shortage of dentists to meet the needs of the population, and low dentist participation in Medicaid programs. Initial reports describe the same cost-reduction benefits from increasing the scope of practice of these oral health professionals as seen in medicine, while maintaining the high quality of dental care that is provided by dentists in this nation. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 22 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 14. Which of the following groups of people is most vulnerable to the burden of oral disease? a. Immigrants b. Elderly people c. Nonnative speakers of English d. Minority children from families with moderate incomes ANS: B Oral disease is spread unevenly throughout the population, with minority children from low-income families and the elderly population being the most vulnerable. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 18-19|Box 2.1 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 15. Which of the following indicates the number of countries worldwide that have developed dental therapist programs to meet the dental needs of the people in their countries? a. <10 b. <30 c. >50 d. >70 ANS: C More than 50 countries worldwide have developed dental therapist programs. In 1921, the dental therapist program—then called the dental nurse program—was first introduced in New Zealand. DIF: Recall REF: p. 22 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 16. Although the services provided by dental therapists vary from state to state, most include preventive measures, emergency treatment, and which of the following? a. Surgical extractions b. Basic restorative procedures c. Dental implants d. Root canals ANS: B DHATs provide community-based oral health preventive care and education, examinations and x-rays, cleanings, basic restorations, non-surgical extractions, and referral for care beyond their scope of practice. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 23 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 17. The dental health aide therapist (DHAT) in Alaska was authorized by the: a. Government of the State of Alaska. b. Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC). c. American Dental Association (ADA). d. American Dental Educators Association (ADEA). ANS: B The dental health aide therapist (DHAT) was the first dental therapist model in the U.S., implemented in 2004 by the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC). The Alaska DHAT was authorized by the native tribal government rather than the state government, so they can provide dental care only for the Alaska native population on tribal lands. DIF: Recall REF: p. 22 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 18. Which of the following models of health care delivery was developed by the American Dental Association (ADA)? a. Dental health aide therapist (DHAT) b. Community dental health coordinator (CDHC) c. Advanced dental hygiene practitioner (ADHP) d. Advanced dental therapist (ADT) ANS: B To support the existing dental workforce in reaching out to underserved communities, the American Dental Association (ADA) developed the community dental health coordinator (CDHC) workforce model in 2006 and piloted it in 2009. The CDHC works under the supervision of the dentist, and within the confines of state dental practice acts, to promote oral health for communities and to assist patients in navigating through the healthcare system to establish a dental home. DIF: Recall REF: p. 26 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 19. How does a student obtain the credential to be a community dental health coordinator (CDHC)? a. CDHC programs are integrated into dental assisting and dental hygiene education programs. b. By taking a program offered by the local public health department. c. By obtaining a master degree in public health (MPH) from a university and then taking an internship as a CDHC. d. By working for a grassroots organization and being appointed by a member of congress for that state. ANS: A CDHC training programs are integrated into dental assisting and dental hygiene education programs and designed for online delivery. The CDHC student is also required to complete an internship in a community clinic or federally qualified health center (FQHC) that consists of a series of in-person sessions for student skill development and evaluation. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 26 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 20. The American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA) supports new dental therapy workforce models with each of the following features EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Graduation from an accredited institution b. Professional licensure c. Direct access to patient care d. A workforce model that is based on a dental model rather than a dental hygiene model ANS: D The ADHA has policy specifically supporting oral healthcare workforce models that culminate in graduation from an accredited institution, professional licensure, and direct access to patient care. At the same time, the ADHA has established policy to advocate for dental therapy workforce models that are dental hygiene-based rather than non-hygiene-based. As of 2019, dental therapists were dental-hygiene based in 6 of the 11 states that had authorized dental therapy to date and in 3 of the 5 states that authorized it in 2019. Dental therapy also had the potential to be dental-hygiene based in the six states that had pending authorization of dental therapy in 2019. DIF: Recall REF: p. 25 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 21. Participating in lobbying efforts to change the state dental practice act is an example of which professional role as designated by the American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA)? a. Educator b. Advocate c. Researcher d. Administrator/Manager ANS: B The ADHA has described various career paths for dental hygienists, some of which are public health careers and some of which are not. Regardless of the path, it has been suggested that public health is embedded because all dental hygiene careers relate to improving the oral health of the public. DIF: Recall REF: p. 28|Figure 2.8|Table 2.4 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 22. The American Dental Hygienists’ Association’s dental hygiene roles, with public health being a component of each, include clinician, educator, advocate, researcher, and which of the following? a. Moderator b. Administrator c. Expert d. Reviewer ANS: B The expanded coordination needed for community-wide oral health programs creates the need for a dental hygienist to be an administrator. In this role, the hygienist is an initiator who develops, organizes, and manages oral health programs to meet the needs of targeted groups of people. DIF: Recall REF: p. 28|Figure 2.8|Table 2.4 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 23. Which of the following is a comprehensive application to the delivery of oral health care that promotes a reattachment of oral health care and health care? a. Interprofessional Collaborative Practice (ICP) b. Interprofessional Education (IPE) c. ADPT d. Public health career for dental professionals ANS: A A comprehensive application of ICP to the delivery of oral health care is being promoted to address the disconnect of oral health care and health care. As healthcare continues to evolve, it is critical that healthcare professional students receive education and clinical experiences interacting with other healthcare team members in treating and educating a diverse population. This process is referred to as interprofessional education (IPE). DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 27 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 24. What has the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) done to encourage the expansion of interprofessional education (IPE) for dental hygiene students? a. Initiated on online webinar to inform dental hygiene students regarding IPE. b. Created a requirement in the dental hygiene accreditation standards that focuses on IPE. c. Encouraged dentists to have staff members visit a physicians’ office for cross-training. d. Increased the content on board licensing examinations that pertains to IPE. ANS: B In August 2016, CODA implemented a requirement in the Accreditation Standards for Dental Hygiene Education Programs that focuses on IPE. In a survey to determine the effects of this new standard on IPE in dental hygiene curricula, dental hygiene program directors indicated that it has been the driving force for increasing participation in IPE activities and rated IPE as less challenging than in the past. A requirement for IPE is reflected also in CODA accreditation standards for both predoctoral dental education and dental therapy education. DIF: Application REF: p. 27 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 25. National Children’s Dental Health Month is which of the following? a. February b. May c. October d. December ANS: A February is National Children’s Dental Health Month. Dental Hygiene Month is in October. Both provide excellent opportunities for oral health educational activities. DIF: Recall REF: p. 32|Box 2.4 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 26. Dental hygienists who serve on state dental boards are evaluating skills of recent graduates and are filling which of the following roles? a. Clinician b. Consumer advocate c. Educator d. Administrator ANS: B They are protecting the public and acting as consumer advocate. The role of advocate may not be a full-time position but may be part of another role of the dental hygiene profession. Membership in the American Dental Hygienists’ Association guarantees a platform to be an advocate for dental hygiene. DIF: Recall REF: p. 32|Box 2.4 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 27. In order to create a supply of dental hygienists to meet future oral health care challenges, which of the following will need to occur? a. Licensing regulations will need to be removed. b. Preceptorships will need to be monitored closely. c. The scope of practice will need to be expanded. d. Education requirements will need to be reduced. ANS: C Scope of practice regulations in professions with overlapping skill sets often impose unnecessary restrictions, and do not address legitimate consumer concerns. These restrictions are familiar to health professions that are regulated by another profession and provide complementary and overlapping services. Healthcare workforce examples include advanced practice registered nurses and physician assistants. Dental hygienists and dental therapists are examples in dentistry. Federal government initiatives have recommended reducing scope of practice restrictions to allow these health professionals to practice to the full extent of their abilities to improve the capacity of the overall healthcare system. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 20-21|Box 2.2 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 28. Which of the following approaches to prevention is more effective and less costly and involves less technology than the others? a. Tertiary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Primary prevention ANS: C There are different stages of prevention reflected in the various services provided by oral health practitioners. Services at the primary prevention stage are more effective, less costly, and involve less technology than those at the stages of secondary prevention and tertiary prevention. Often, primary prevention strategies do not require a dentist, thus allowing the dental hygienist to work directly (unsupervised) with underserved populations. DIF: Recall REF: p. 19 OBJ: 3 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 29. What is the current status of the dental hygiene-based dental therapy workforce model as proposed by the American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA)? a. The ADHA model was replaced by the ADA community dental health coordinator model in 2009. b. The ADHA has advocated for a dental hygiene-based dental therapy workforce model, however, the results have been disappointing and there are no practitioners to be found. c. The ADHA has established a policy for dental-hygiene based dental therapy workforce models rather than non-hygiene-based workforce models. d. The ADHA has never advocated for a dental hygiene-based dental therapy workforce model. ANS: C The ADHA has established policy to advocate for dental therapy workforce models that are dental hygiene-based rather than non-hygiene-based. As of 2019, dental therapists were dental-hygiene based in 6 of the 11 states that had authorized dental therapy to date and in 3 of the 5 states that authorized it in 2019. Dental therapy also had the potential to be dental-hygiene based in the six states that had pending authorization of dental therapy in 2019. DIF: Recall REF: p. 25 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 30. Each of the following is a justification for the dental therapy workforce model proposed by the American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA) EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. The dental hygiene workforce is ready and available with more than 185,000 licensed dental hygienists in the U.S. as of 2019. b. The public will benefit from providers with a broad range of skill sets, including preventive and specific restorative services. c. The requirement of a Master degree ensures proper educational training. d. The educational infrastructure is developed with over 300 entry-level dental hygiene programs in 2019. ANS: C The goal of these policies is to improve and enhance the oral healthcare delivery system by providing complete direct access, thus opening the door for direct care by dental hygienists and dental therapists in school systems, nursing homes, and other community programs, as well as with underserved, vulnerable populations throughout the nation. DIF: Recall REF: p. 25 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 31. Which of the following terms refers to a method of practicing health care that can enable the integration of oral health into overall health at the level of healthcare delivery? a. Intracollaborative programming b. Intraprofessional collaboration c. Interprofessional collaborative practice d. Group practice