(Test Bank) Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology

Israel,Malatras,Wicks-Nelson, 9

Social Science

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Author(s): Israel, Malatras, Wicks-Nelson

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Test Bank for Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology, 9e Allen Israel, Jennifer Weil Malatras, Rita Wicks -Nelson ( All Chapters Answers at the end of each Chapter) CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TRUE OR FALSE 1. Abnormal means “away” or “from,” whereas “norm al” refers to “average” or “standard.” Thus, abnormal is defined as something the deviates from the average. 2. Age is an important developmental index in judgin g behavior. 3. Cultural norms for behavior rarely impact diagnostic rates for a disord er. 4. Ethnicity denotes common customs, values, language or traits that are associated with national origin or geographic area. 5. A child’s behavior should be consistent and not vary across settings (e.g., classroom, playground, home). 6. In many cultures boys are expected to be less active and less aggressive than girls. This expectation is an example of a situational norm. 7. Youth rarely refer th emselves for clinical evaluation. 8. According to the American Psychological Associati on, 10 percent of youth have a serious mental health disorder. 9. Quantifying the prevalence of disorders is difficult because it depends on several factors, including the definition of disorders, the population examined, and the methods used to identi fy the problem. 10. Changing social conditions may increase the risk of disorders in young people. 11. Early disturbances, for example, feeding issues or slee p disorders in infancy, do not have developmental consequences. 12. One difficulty in establishing the age of onset of any behavioral disorder is that the onset may occur gradually, so that age of onset may be an arbitrary estimation rather than a prec ise age. 13. Depression has a higher prevalence in males than in females . 14. Males are more vulnerable than females to neurodevelopmental disorders that occur early in life. 15. One explanation for differing rates of behavioral disorder between boys and girls is gender differences in disruptive behavior, which can result in gender di fferences in referrals for clinical services. 16. The conceptualization of adolescence as a distinct period of life began in the 17 th and 18 th centuries. 17. Somatogenesis refers to the belief that behavioral disturbance results from a person’s bei ng possessed or influenced by devils or some similar force. 18. Kraepelin is credited with creating a system to classify mental disturbances that serve as the ba sis for modern classification systems. 19. The belief that mental problems are caused b y psychological variables is called psychogenesis. 20. Freud contributed to the field of childhood behavioral disorder by positing that early, unresolved psycholog ical conflict is the source of emotional problems. 21. Behavior modification or behavi or therapy is the explicit application of learning principles for the assessment and treatment of behavioral problems. 22. Longitudinal research projects , focusin g on normal development, assisted in the understanding and study of child and adolescent d isorders. 23. Anna Freud, a mother and visionary, advocated establishing a Child Welfare Research Station at the University of Iowa. 24. Psychiatrists ear n an M.D. and psychologists earn a Ph.D. MULTIPLE CHOICE 25. Joe is in the second grad e and cannot stay focused. He cannot read and tests below grade level in all subjects. He is rarely in trouble at school or at home. Joe a. is free from all behav ior disorders. b. may have a behavioral disorder and should be evaluated. c. is a typi cal boy. d. is none of the above. 26. Which is least likely to be considered an indication of problem behavior in youth? a. A behavior is excessively intense . b. A behavior is qualitatively atypical. c. A behavior is unusual but of no harm to anyone . d. A behavior is exhibited in inappropriate settings. 27. Which of the following is a behavioral indicator of a disorder noted in Table 1.1? a. Paren tal intolerance of atypical behavior b. Bedwetting c. Gender d. Developmental delay 28. Serafica & Vargas (2006), found that: a. anxiety is evident across cultures. b. Asian and Latino groups express fewer bodily symptoms of anxiety. c. Asian, Latino and European Americans did not differ in regard to symptoms of anxiety. d. individuals living outside of the United States tend to deny symptoms of anxiety. 29. A study by Ly (2008) on parent perceptions of a child with intellectual disab ility found that compared to European American parents, Asian American parents: a. view ed their child as less successful on task performance. b. had higher expectations for future success. c. had more sympathy for their child with a disability. d. were no different in their views of their child. 30. Alicia’s mother is worried bec ause although Alicia’s behavior seems much like that of her peers, Alicia misbehaves relative to the setting she is in. Alicia’s mother is concerned that her daughter is not meeting a. gender norms. c. regression norms. b. situational norms. d. deve lopmental norms . 31. According to the book, which of the following is true regarding behavioral disorders of youth? a. Judgments about abnormality often change over time. b. Cultural norms should have no impact on diagnosis. c. Disorders are best viewed as located within individuals. d. Overall, girls display higher rates of externalizing behavior than boys. 32. Which of the following is true regarding p reschooler mental health? a. Preschoolers have fewer problems than older children. b. Preschoolers have more problems, but tend to outgrow them. c. The problems of preschoolers occur at the same rate as older children. d. Secular trends indicat e that the risks for young children and mental illness are decreasing. 33. Which of the following is true regarding the prevalence of behavioral disturbance of youth? a. Collishaw (2010) found that the number of adolescents reporting emotional proble ms decreased from 1986 to 2006. b. Research indicates that a majority of youth (80% or m ore) with mental health issues receive adequate mental health care. c. Less than 10% of adults with mental illness report having symptoms in childhood or adolescenc e. d. Prevalence rates are can vary depending on who is reporting on the symptoms (e.g., youth, parents, teachers). 34. With regard to childhood behavioral problems and age of youth, a. little relationship exists between age and the occurrence of pr oblems. b. sometimes what seems to be a relationship between age and the occurrence of a specific disorder may actually reflect the time at which the disorder is first identified. c. almost all behavior problems of young people appear in some form by a ge 6. d. children cannot be diagnosed with a specific disorder until they are at least 8 years old. 35. With regard to gender and the rates of behavioral disorders, a. boys are more likely to be diagnosed with externalizing disorders. b. boys are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety. c. boys demonstrate higher levels of relation al aggression. d. externalizing problems increase for females as they get older. 36. Jake is a 9 year -old boy. What does the book say about his risk factors for p sychopathology? a. They do not differ from a 9 year old female. b. He is at lower risk for neu rodevelopmental disorders. c. He is at higher risk for experiencing a traumatic brain injury d. He is at higher risk to experiencing an inappropriate sexual encounter. 37. Which of the following terms refers to biological causation of behavioral disturbance? a. Egogenesis b. Somatogenesis c. Demonology d. Operogenesis 38. When the term syndrome is used in reference to a behavioral disturbance, it suggest s that the disorder a. has a biological cause. b. has a psychological cause. c. occurs mostly in early childhood. d. is characterized by a group of symptoms. 39. Who is credited with publishing, in the 19th century, an important classification system for mental disorders? a. Freud c. Hillis b. Myers d. Kraepelin 40. Accor ding to Table 1.3 in the book, who established the first child clinic in the United States? a. Alfred Binet b. Lightner Witmer c. Arnold Gesell d. Leo Kanne r 41. Which of the following is true? a. Freud’s theory adhered to the concept of psychogenesis. b. Defense mechanisms serve no purpose. c. The ego houses our unacceptable impulses. d. Freud believed the personality was not completely formed until age 18. 42. In the case of “Little Hans,” Freud proposed that Han’s fear and anxi ety were based in his a. desire to have a mustache and wear glasses like his father. b. wish for more attention from his father and his mother. c. desire to o wn a horse. d. sexual impulses toward his mother and fear of his father. 43. In Fr eudian theory, defense mechanisms are viewed as protecting the individual from a. overstimulation. b. understimulation. c. recognizing one’s own unacceptable i mpulses. d. seeking immediate sexual gratification. 44. In contrast to Sigmund Freud , John Watson argued for a. an emphasis on internal psychological conflicts. b. the study of biological influences on behavior. c. an emphasis on learning expe riences. d. a stage theory of development. 45. The idea that behavior is shaped by its consequences is called _________ and was created by ______. a. law of effect; Thorndike b. psychoanalysis; Freud c. class ical conditioning; Watson d. observational learning; Bandura 46. Who w rote the influential book, A Mind That Found Itsel f ? a. Beers c. Hillis b. Bandura d. Judge Baker 47. The child guidance movement in the United States a. was related to the establishment of the Orthopsychiatric Association. b. was an outgr owth of behaviorism. c. received its impetus from longitudinal studies of children begun around 1920. d. was based on the work of Hall at Clark University. 48. The theorist who linked the social context with cognition was a. Anna Freud. b. Emil Kraepelin. c. Skinner. d. Bandura. 49. Which name does not belong with the others? a. Thorndike c. Skinne r b. Binet d. Watson 50. Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association? a. Skinner c. Hall b. Gesell d. Beers 51. Who is best known for early efforts to evaluate children's intellectual functioning? a. Binet and Simon c. Kraepelin b. Healy and Bronner d. Beers 52. Mrs. Cora Bussey Hill is was instrumental in a. the establishment of the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute in Chicago. b. the establishment of the Judge Baker Guidance Center in Boston. c. the establi shment of the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. d. the establishment of the Fels Re search Institute at Berkley. 53. A __________ is a trusting, personal bond formed between the therapist and the client. a. confidentiality agreement b. therapeutic allia nce c. treatment contract d. working relationship BRIEF ESSAY QUESTIONS 54. Discuss three ind icators that influence whether a child or adolescent will be identified as experiencing a behavioral problem. 55. Discuss how culture can influence the definition and understanding of disordered behavior of youth. 56. List and describe the four va riables that are important to note in regard to infant mental health. 57. How can gender bias in clinic samples indirectly affect gender differences in the preval ence of behavioral disorders (what methodological issues can create the appearance of gend er differences)? 58. Discuss three aspects of Freud’s theory that framed his important view of psychological disturbances in youth and adults. How has psychoan alysis changed over the years? 59. Briefly describe classical conditioning, operant cond itioning, and observational learning. 60. Summarize the aims and early history of the mental hygiene and the child guidance movements. 61. List five themes (pr emises) viewed by the text’s authors as central to the current study and practice of devel opmental psychopathology. 62. Define informed consent and how it applies to child therapy. ANSWER KEY 1. T, p. 2, factual 2. T, p. 3, factual 3. F, p. 3, conceptual 4. T, p. 4, factual 5. F, p. 4, conceptual 6. F, p. 4, factual 7. T, p. 4, factual 8. T, p. 5, conceptual 9. T, p. 5, factual 10. F, p. 6, factual 11. F, p. 8, conceptual 12. T, p. 8, factual 13. F, p. 8 (Fig 1. 3), factual 14. T, p. 8, factual 15. T, pp. 9, factual 16. T, p. 10 , factual 17. F, p. 10 , factual 18. T, p. 10, applied 19. T, pp. 10, factual 20. T, p. 11, applied 21. T, p. 13, factual 22. T, p. 14, factual 23. F, p. 14, applied 24. T, p. 15, factual 25. B, p. 3, applied 26. C, p. 3, conceptual 27. D, p. 3 (Table 1.1), fac tual 28. A, p. 3, applied 29. A, p. 4, applied 30. B, p. 4, concep tual 31. A, pp. 3 -6, conceptual 32. C, p. 6, factual 33. D, pp. 6-8 (Figure 1.3) , applied 34. B, p. 8-9 (Figure 1.4) , factual 35. A, p. 8, Table 1. 3, factual 36. C, pp. 8 -9, applied 37. B, p. 10, fac tual 38. D, p. 10, factual 39. D, p. 10, applied 40. B, p. 11 , Table 1. 4, applied 41. A, pp. 11 -12, applied 42. D, p. 12 (accent) , applied 43. C, p. 12, conceptual 44. C, p. 12-13, applied 45. A, p. 13 , applied 46. A, p. 13, applied 47. A, p. 13, factual 48. D, p. 13, applied 49. B, pp. 13-14, applied 50. C, p. 14, applied 51. A, p. 14, applied 52. C, p. 14 (accent), applied 53. B, p. 15-16, factual 54. p. 3, factual 55. pp. 3–5, conceptual 56. p. 7 (accent) , factual 57. pp. 9-10, factual 58. pp. 11-12, applied 59. pp. 13, factual 60. p. 13, factual 61. p. 15, factual 62. p. 16, factual CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE TRUE OR FALSE 1. The term paradigm refers to a shared perspective or cognitive set adopted, for example, by a group of investigators. 2. The adoption of a paradigm typically results in a broa dening of the kinds of questions asked, measures taken, and interpretations made. 3. Another word for vulnerability is diathesis , as in the diathesis stress model. 4. The biopsychosocial model is an example of the systems approach. 5. Developme ntal theorists assume that human development proceeds in a coherent pattern. 6. In the study conducted by Keller, Cumings and Davies (2005), parental problem drinking had a direct effect on child behavioral problems . 7. If treatment X is more eff ective for girls than boys, then gender could be considered a moderating variable. 8. If the effects of poverty operate through lack of health care to lower intellectual functioning, lack of health care mediates the relationship of poverty and intelle ctual functioning. 9. Brain abnormality is a necessary cause of schizophrenia. This does not mean that it is a sufficient cause . 10. According to the trajectories outlined by Compas, Hinden and Gerhardt (1995), adaptation level in childhood consis tently predicts later functioning. 11. Multifinality is the principle that the same outcome can be associated with different pathways or factors. 12. In general, nonnormative events are considered more of a challenge to development than are normativ e events. 13. Attachment is an example of a developmental task for infants and preschoolers . 14. Resilience is defined as positive outcomes in the face of risk or threat. 15. Risk factors reside in both the environment and the person, but re silience factors reside exclusively in the person. 16. According to the model proposed by Ingram and Price (2010), resilience increases resistance to developing a disorder . 17. Heterotypic continuity of behavior is demonstrated when the same beha vior continues over time in an individual . 18. Justine smiles and crawls to her mother. These behaviors facilitate attachment, according to Bowlby. 19. Early attachment experiences can influence later relationships. 20. Temperament is describ ed as a person’s predisposition to irritability. 21. According to Chess and Thomas, temperament is malleable. 22. Inhibition is the one dimension of temperament that has been associated with academic adjustment. 23. Emotion and temperament can be co nsidered the same construct. 24. Complex emotions such as shame or guilt are not evident until adolescence. 25. Although emotional knowledge is important in relationships later in life, it is not linked to social problems in childhood. 26. The are a of study that examines how individuals take in, understand, and interpret social situations is called social cognitive processing. 27. Research indicates that children with high levels of aggressive behavior usually view other youngsters as passive and trusting. MULTIPLE CHOICE 28. A(n) ________ is a formal integrated set of principles or propositions that explain phenomena. a. perspective b. opinion c. cognitive set d. theory 29. As a field of study, developmental psychopathology blends: a. developmental and clinical psychology. b. cognitive psychology and statistics. c. medicine and neuroscience. d. education and development. 30. Human development is best viewed as a. always occurring in stages. b. changes in individuals due to environmental influences. c. change in persons over time due to the interactions of many variables. d. quantitative rather than qualitative growth. 31. ________________is another term for cause. a. Effect b. Theory c. Paradigm d. Etiol ogy 32. Which disease supported the medical model of mental illness in the early 1900s? a. Syphilis b. Pneumonia c. Encephalitis d. Polio 33. If a disorder occurs only in the presence of Factor X but only when Factor Y or Factor Z are present, we might suspect that Factor X is a _____ cause of the disorder . a. necessary but not sufficient b. sufficient but not necessary c. necessary and sufficient d. neither necessary nor sufficient 34. The Lansford et al. (2005) study found that Af rican American children may respond differently to physical discipline than European American children. Therefore, which of the following is true? a. Culture had a mediating effect. b. Culture had a moderating effect. c. Culture had no effect. d. Culture is a sufficient cause. 35. Peter got along quite well as a child, but in adolescence he associated with a “bad” crowd, took drugs, and suffered academically. At 21 years of age, he appears to have put aside these behaviors and has successfully returned to college. Peter’s development is following which of the five adolescent developmental pathways described in the text? a. Unstable adaptation b. Unstable maladaptation c. Decline of adaptation d. Temporal maladaptation 36. It has be en shown that child abuse can lead to several different kinds of behavioral problems. This demonstrates the principle of a. equifinality. c. cumulative continuity. b. multifinality. d. excessive continuity. 37. Which term refers to the principle that different factors or developmental paths can result in the same developmental outcome? a. Indirect causation c. Distal causation b. Mediation d. Equifinality 38. Risk factors a. can be biological, psychological, or social. b. are best c onceptualized as being mostly biological. c. are best conceptualized as characteristics of the individual. d. are best viewed as independent factors that do not affect each other. 39. In regard to the timing of risky experiences, the idea that early trauma may program a child’s biological reactivity to stressful events is linked to which of the following? a. The sensitive period model b. The developmental programming model c. The life course model d. The decline of adaptation model 40. In the Grant et al., (2003) model of the relationship between adversities and psychopathology, which of the following is a mediator? a. Major life events b. Child characteristics c. Psychological processes d. Syndromes 41. Which is most likely to be a nonnormative influence on the development of the present generation of U.S. adolescents? a. Starting elementary school at about age 6 b. Severe childhood illness c. Learning to drive an automobile during adolescence d. Living in a culture co ncerned about violence 42. Resilience is best defined as a. a person’s characteristics that protect him or her from negative outcomes. b. characteristics of the environment that protect a person from negative outcomes. c. one or more factors tha t work with risk factors to produce a disorder. d. one or more factors that protect a person in the presence of risk factors for a disorder. 43. According to Masten and Coatsworth (1998), which of the following is a developmental task of middle child hood? a. Developing an attachment to caregivers b. Forming a cohesive sense of self identity c. Differentiating self from environment d. Rule governed conduct 44. The study of resilience conducted on Kauai revealed that resilience a. was com mon despite the youth having numerous risk factors. b. was impacted by personal attributes, family characteristics and support outside of the family. c. was predicted primarily by personal attributes. d. was predicted primarily by support outside of the family. 45. Billy and Kyle are both evaluated at a child assessment clinic at age 6. Billy comes from an affluent, loving and intact family. He is meeting all developmental tasks and is well adjusted. Kyle is living in poverty with his maternal gran dmother after being abandoned by his parents. He is scoring in the clinically significant range on measures that test for behavioral problems. Years later, both boys are re -evaluated and both are found to be well adjusted and developing normally. Kyle repo rts that he became active in sports and was mentored by caring adults over the years. This is an example of a. ordinary magic. b. multifinality. c. unstable, maladaptive development. d. nonnormative development. 46. Investigations of the contin uity of childhood behavior problems into adulthood suggest that a. virtually all behavior problems carry over into adulthood. b. it is impossible to link child and adult problems. c. developmental changes in behavior can make it difficult to trace c ontinuity. d. if childhood behavior problems are not linked to adult problems, they should not be treated. 47. Heterotypic continuity refers to the continuance a. of risk factors across the lifespan. b. of resilience factors across the lifespan. c. of a problem in the same form over time. d. of a problem, with the problem changing in form over time. 48. When Jane was worried at nine years of age, she tended to develop stomachaches. At age thirty, this is still true. Thus, Jane exhibits ___ __ continuity of anxiety. a. interactional c. homotypic b. proximal d. normative 49. In the Strange Situation Kevin does not use his mother as a resource. He does not seem distressed when she leaves and ignores her when she returns. Which attachme nt style is Kevin exhibiting? a. Secure c. Insecure avoidant b. Insecure resistant d. Disorganized 50. Which pattern of infant -caretaker attachment is especially associated with infants who have been exposed to abusive, pathological caretaking? a. Avoidant c. Ambivalent b. Secure d. Disorganized/disoriented 51. Secure attachment between infants and their caretakers is positively correlated with childhood and adolescent a. aggressiveness. c. adaptive social behavior. b. verbal abilit y. d. dependency. 52. ______________ refers to the processes that facilitate or hinder reactivity. a. Goodness of fit b. Self-regulation c. Inhibition d. Emotion 53. Sandy cries easily, has tantrums when facing novel situations, and is highly reactive to stress. Which temperament type best describes Sandy ? a. Easy b. Slow –to-warm -up c. Difficult d. Disorganized 54. The Chess and Thomas case study of Carl demonstrated that a. the relationship between difficult temperament and be havioral problems depends in part on the child’s academic achievement. b. the relationship between difficult temperament and behavioral problems depends in part on the child’s social environment. c. easy temperament in children can sometimes be associa ted with behavioral problems. d. slow -to-warm temperament in children can sometimes be associated with behavioral problems. 55. A recent study of temperament and parenting types (good or poor) by Bradley and Corwyn (2008) found a. children with di fficult temperaments had problems regardless of what type of parenting they received. b. children of all temperament types were impacted negatively by poor parenting. c. children with difficult temperaments were more responsive to the type of parenting they received. d. children with slow -to-warm -up temperaments were immune to poor parenting. 56. Which of the following includes three well -recognized components of emotion? a. Private feelings, bodily reactions, overt expressions b. Temperamen t, reactivity, outcome c. Genetics, modeling, regulation d. Development, expression, regulation 57. Youth who have been rejected by their peers or who exhibit high levels of aggression tend to see the world as more _____ than other youth. a. hosti le c. secretive b. envious d. rational 58. According to models of social cognitive processing, which is central in mediating children’s experiences and their behavior? a. Their interaction with their parents b. Their interpretation of their expe riences c. Their earlier attachment to their parents d. Their temperamental tendencies BRIEF ESSAY QUESTIONS 59. Define the term paradigm and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of applying a paradigm to understanding behavioral disorders. 60. Define development and comment on three widely agreed -upon characteristics of human development. 61. Define and give an example of a mediator and a moderator. 62. Discuss the idea that abnormal behavior develops over time as children transac t with their environments. Includ e in your discussion the Compas et al. descriptions of developmental pathways as well as the principles of equifinality and multifinality. 63. Give three examples of normative and nonnorm ative influences on development . 64. Recreate the flow chart from Figure 2.3 in the text which depicts the Grant et al. (2003) model of how stressors are related to psychopathology . 65. Define resilience and discuss known resilience correlates in young people. 66. Describe the differences between heterotypic and homotypic continuity and give one example of each. 67. List and give an example of 3 out of the 5 factors identified as carrying problems forward in time in Figure 2.5 of your text. 68. Define infant -caretaker a ttachment and discuss factors that influence the development of attachment behaviors. 69. Summarize four patterns of infant -caretaker attachment and their relationship to later adjustment. Be specific. 70. Explain Chess and Thomas’ “goodness -of-fit” model and how the example of Carl reinforces this approach. 71. Describe the three -factor, widely recognized, dimensions of temperament (Sanson, Letcher, Smart et al., 2009). 72. Discuss the early development of emotion as well as the process of u nderstanding and regulating emotion. 73. What is social cognitive processing and how does it relate to maladaptive behavior? ANSWER KEY 1. T, p. 20, factual 2. F, p. 20, conceptual 3. T, p. 20, conceptual 4. T, p. 20, factual 5. T, p. 21, fac tual 6. F, p. 22 , applied 7. T, p. 22, conceptual 8. T, p. 22, concep tual 9. T, p. 22, concep tual 10. F, p. 23 (Fig. 2.1), factual 11. F, p. 24, factual 12. T, p. 26, concep tual 13. T, p. 27 (Table 2.2), factual 14. T, p. 26, factual 15. F, p. 26, factual 16. T, p. 29 (Fig. 2.4), applied 17. F, p. 30, conceptual 18. T, p. 30, applied 19. T, p. 31, factual 20. F, p. 32, factual 21. T, p. 32, factual 22. F, p. 32, factual 23. F, p. 34, factual 24. F, p. 35, factual 25. F, p. 36, conceptual 26. T, p. 36, factual 27. F, p. 37, conceptual 28. D, p. 20, factual 29. A, p. 21, factual 30. C, p. 21, conceptual 31. D, p. 21, factual 32. A, p. 21, factual 33. A, p. 22, conceptual 34. B, p. 22 (Accent), applie d 35. D, p. 23 (Fig. 2.1), applied 36. B, p. 24, factual 37. D, p. 25 (Fig. 2.2), factual 38. A, p. 25, factual 39. B, p. 26 (Accent), fac tual 40. C, p. 27 (Fig. 2.3), applied 41. B, p. 27 (Table 2.1) , conceptual 42. D, p. 26, factual 43. D, p. 27 (Table 2.2) , applied 44. B, p. 28, factual 45. A, p. 28 (Accent), applied 46. C, p. 29, conceptual 47. D, p. 30, factual 48. C, p. 30, applied 49. C, p. 31, applied 50. D, p. 31, factual 51. C, p. 31, factual 52. B, p. 33 (Table 2.5) , conce ptual 53. C, p. 32 (Carl case study) , applied 54. B, p. 32 (Carl case study), applied 55. C, p. 33, (Accent) applied 56. A, p. 34, factual 57. A, p. 36, factual 58. B, p. 36, conceptual 59. p. 20, conceptual 60. pp. 21 -22, factual 61. p. 22, conce ptual 62. pp. 24 -25 (Figures 2.1 and 2.2), conceptual 63. p. 26 (Table 2.1), factual 64. p. 26 (Figure 2.3), applied 65. pp. 27 -28 (Table 2.3), factual 66. p. 29, conceptual 67. p. 29 (Figure 2.5) , conceptual 68. p. 30, conceptual 69. pp. 30 -31, factual 70. p. 32, conceptual 71. p. 32 (Table 2.5), conceptual 72. pp. 33-34, conceptual 73. pp. 34-35, conceptual CHAPTER 3 BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY TRUE OR FALSE 1. The development of the brain and nervous system begins relatively late in the embryonic period. 2. Together, the brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS). 3. The two subsystems of the peripheral nervous system are the somatic system and the autonomic system. 4. The medulla, located in the hindbrain, is involved in movement and cognitive processing. 5. The small gap between neurons is called the axon. 6. Neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit neurons. 7. The term perinatal refers to the period of time during pregnancy. 8. Research indicates that the fetus is surprisingly resistant to high levels of maternal stress. 9. Timing o f exposure to teratogens can have varying effects. 10. From the moment of conception, development is influenced by constitutional, economic, social, and cultural factors. 11. The overall rate of prematurity in the U.S. is 25%. 12. The notion tha t a child's nervous system is “plastic” refers to the seeming artificial manner in which the child is behaving. 13. A person's observable characteristics are referred to as his or her phenotype. 14. Recent research indicates that the human genome c an be modified by exposure to environmental toxins. 15. In order for a dominant gene to be expressed, it has to be genetically transmitted by both parents. 16. The intellectual stimulation offered in a family is an example of a shared environmental influence. 17. Reinforcing a nonverbal child to first make sounds, then to say words, then to say sentences is an example of generalization. 18. Negative reinforcement results in a decrease in the behavior it follows. 19. The lack of forethoug ht and planning exhibited by an impulsive child is an example of a cognitive distortion. 20. Two dimensions of parenting styles that have been identified are acceptance/warmth and degree of control. 21. Research indicates that parental psychopathol ogy is only influential when the child inherits vulnerability genes. 22. The only major forms of maltreatment are physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. 23. About four million children in the U.S. live with a divorced parent . 24. Multiple divorces i ncrease the child’s risk for adjustment problems. 25. Research on the effects of divorce on children indicates that the effects are clearly greater on boys. 26. Authoritarian/restrictive parenting is associated with positive social behavior and peer acceptance. 27. Young people experience higher rates of poverty than any other age group. 28. Hanson and colleagues (2011) found a direct association between poverty and the volume of gray matter of the hippocampus. 29. According to the U.S. Cens us Bureau , in 2019 almost 2 6% of youth age 18 and under lived with an immigrant parent. MULTIPLE CHOICE 30. Which of the following is true regarding brain development? a. Neurons chemically transmit impulses within the nervous system and to other parts o f the body. b. Myelin is a neurotransmitter associated with inducing sleep. c. The human brain is fully developed by adolescence. d. The various areas of the brain develop simultaneously. 31. The __________ has two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic sy stems, and is the part of the nervous system that helps regulate arousal and emotions. a. peripheral nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. voluntary nervous system 32. The brain has three major divisions: a. forebrain, thalamus, cerebellum. b. cerebellum, cortex, limbic system. c. hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain. d. hippocampus, amygdale, forebrain. 33. The ___________, which includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and parts of the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus, plays a central role in memory and the regulation of emotions and biological urges. a. limbic system c. hindbrain system b. libido system d. autonomic system 34. The part of the brain that is involved in higher mental functioning, including information processing, learning, and memory is the a. thalamus. c. cerebellum. b. hypothalamus. d. cerebral hemispheres. 35. ___________receive chemical messages from other neurons. a. Axons c. Synaptic vesicles b. Dend rites d. Nuclei 36. Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are all examples of a. bodily humors. c. neurotransmitters. b. synaptic clefts. d. growth hormones. 37. A toxic substance that may cause damage to the developing fetus is known as a a. placenta. c. teratogen. b. barrier. d. diathesis. 38. The exposure of the developing fetus to alcohol consumed by the mother is an example of a a. prenatal influence. c. postnatal influence. b. perinatal influence. d. genetic influence. 39. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have recently adopted Jimmy, age 9. They do not know much about his birth history. They are concerned because Jimmy exhibits slow growth and poor motor skills. He also has small eyes and a thin upper lip. Finally, Jimmy seems to have di fficulty learning and is quite hyperactive. His pediatrician suspects that a. Jimmy was exposed to lead early in life. b. Jimmy’s mother had Rubella while pregnant with Jimmy. c. Jimmy’s mother drank while pregnant with Jimmy. d. Jimmy was born breech. 40. Anoxia at the time of birth is an example of a a. prenatal influence. c. postnatal influence. b. perinatal influence. d. genetic influence. 41. The genetic code is the basis for the ____________ or synthesis of messenger RNA. a. translocation b. transmission c. transference d. transcription 42. The genetic code on DNA is made up of which of the following nucleotides? a. Guanine b. Glycolic acid c. Glucose d. Glutamate 43. Many complex human characteristics, such as intelligence and behaviors implicated in behavior disorders, are believed to be associated with a. a single gene. b. a single gene in combination with environmental influences. c. multiple genes. d. multiple genes in combination with environmental influences. 44. Tom has been dia gnosed with a particular disorder as a result of behavior genetic research. Tom’s relatives are examined to determine if they resemble Tom with respect to this disorder. In this research, Tom is described as the _______. a. proband or index case b. concordant or the genetic base proband c. monozygote or dyzygote d. first degree relative 45. In twin studies, genetic influence is suggested when a. monozygotic twins are more concordant than dyzygotic twins. b. dyzygotic twins are more concord ant than monozygotic twins. c. there is no difference between monozygotic and dyzygotic twins. d. the twins are more concordant with non twin siblings than each other. 46. Children who have disorder X and were adopted at birth are studied to determi ne the degree of genetic contribution to disorder X. Which of the following results is most likely to support the hypothesis of genetic influence in the etiology of disorder X? a. The rate of the disorder in these adopted children is the same as in the general population. b. The rate of the disorder is greater in the biological siblings of these children than in adoptive siblings. c. The rate of the disorder is greater in the adoptive siblings of these children than in their biological siblings. d. The rate of the disorder is the same in the biological and adoptive siblings of these children. 47. Results from behavior genetic research suggest that heritability estimates for behavioral disorders a. rarely exceed 10 percent. c. frequently exce ed 50 percent. b. rarely exceed 50 percent. d. frequently exceed 75 percent. 48. Which of the following are two major molecular genetic research methods? a. linkage analysis and association analysis b. linkage analysis and adoption studies c. linkage analysis and twin designs d. association analysis and adoption studies 49. The term _________ refers to differential sensitivity to experience due to differences in genotype. a. gene -environment interaction c. linkage analysis b. gene -environment correlation d. association analysis 50. Adopted children are more likely to have criminal records when the adoptive parent has a criminal record, but only when they also have a biological parent with a criminal record. This is an example of a. gene -environment interaction. c. linkage analysis. b. gene -environment correlation. d. association analysis. 51. The term __________ refers to genetic differences in exposure to environments. a. gene -environment interaction c. quantitative gene tics b. gene -environment correlation d. molecular genetics 52. Michael inherits a genetic propensity for high -activity level from his parents and the parents have created a family environment that is highly active. This is an example of a _______ gene - environment correlation. a. active c. reactive b. passive d. redundant 53. In Mary Cover Jones’ (1924) study of Peter, she used ___________ to treat his fear of furry objects. a. punishment b. counterconditioning c. extinction d. cognitive behavioral the rapy 54. In Watson and Rayner's study of L ittle Albert the conditioned stimulus was a. a white rat. c. a loud noise. b. the fear. d. anxiety. 55. Operant conditioning emphasizes the __________ of behavior. a. unconscious aspects c. interpr etation b. consequences d. symbolism 56. A particular child develops a fear of all men with mustaches similar that of his uncle, who is stern. This is an example of the operant conditioning process of a. negative reinforcement. c. generalization. b. shaping. d. discrimination. 57. The phenomenon of disinhibition in observational learning is illustrated by a. a child observes another child being punished for talking to a peer during a lesson and becomes quieter in other ways. b. a child observes another child push a peer and thereby get to the head of the line. The first child then uses physical force to get what he wants. c. a shy child is nervous in his new class. He doesn’t participate in learning a new art project. d. a child in a class learns how to do a new kind of art project by observing her “buddy” do that same art project. 58. Attention, memory, concept formation, strategies to mentally manipulate information, and problem solving are examples of a. instrumental process es. c. cognitive processes. b. observational processes. d. unconscious processes. 59. ________________ are schema for representing information stored in memory. a. Cognitive processes b. Cognitive structures c. Cognitive content d. Cognitive products 60. A depressed child views herself as less capable than her peers, whereas others do not view her this way. This is an example of a. cognitive deficiency. c. thought disorder. b. cognitive distortion. d. protective cognition. 61. A depressed youngs ter has come to view negative events in his life as due to his lack of intelligence. According to Kendall (2006), t his is an example of a. cognitive structure. c. cognitive process. b. cognitive content. d. cognitive product. 62. In an ecological mo del of development, _______ contexts would be expected to have relatively more direct impact. a. cultural c. proximal b. distal d. pathological 63. Which of the following is true according to the U.S. Census Bureau (2019) , depicted in Figure 3.5 of the text? a. In 2019, 70% of children live in two -parent households . b. In 1970, 75% of children lived in two -parent households . c. More than 10% of children in 2019 live in father -only households . d. Fewer than 10% of children in 1970 lived in mother -only househ olds. 64. Children who are allowed much self -regulation and whose parents make few demands for mature behavior are said to have parents with which parenting style? a. indulgent/permissive c. secure b. authoritative d. neglectful 65. Which parent al style is associated with the tendency of children to be independent, socially responsible, and self -confident? a. authoritative c. indulgent b. permissive d. authoritarian 66. In defining child maltreatment, an act of omission by a parent or c aregiver that involves failure or delay in providing care or supervision would be considered a. physical abuse. c. neglect. b. sexual abuse. d. emotional abuse. 67. Single -parent families make up ______ percent of all families with children. a. 5 c. 25 b. 19 d. 48 68. Which of the following variables is thought to contribute to a youngster’s adjustment to divorce? a. The youngster’s prior level of adjustment b. Individual characteristics of parents c. The youngster’s prior level of adjustment and individual characteristics of parents d. The youngster’s prior level of adjustment, individual characteristics of parents, and ethnic differences 69. Which of the following is an example of molecular family stability? a. Living in a fa mily with no divorce history b. Living in the same home and never moving c. Consistency in who lives in the home d. Having a regular bed time 70. In 201 8, the percentage of families living in poverty was about a. 22 percent. c. 10 percent. b. 16 percent. d. 7 percent. 71. Which of the following statements regarding the impact of poverty on youth is accurate? a. Rates of poverty are equal across racial groups. b. Rates of poverty are higher for children of incarcerated parents . c. Childrearing pra ctices do not vary by social class. d. Poverty is most damaging to middleschoolers. 72. Leventhal and Brooks -Gunn have suggested three potential mechanisms or pathways whereby communities might affect youngsters’ development. They are a. genetics, family environment, and neighborhood b. socioeconomic status, school structure, and crime c. community resources, relationships, and community norms/collective efficacy d. individual, intrafamilial, and cultural 73. The term acculturation refer s to a. the elimination of cultural influences so as to understand the effect of individual variables. b. changes in culture resulting from different cultures coming in contact with each other. c. the attempt to provide cultural experiences, such as music and art to at -risk children. d. interventions to overcome the negative impact of a youngster’s cultural background. BRIEF ESSAY QUESTIONS 74. Describe the parts of the neuron and how electrical messages are transmitted between neurons. 75. Briefly describe a prenatal, a perinatal, and a postnatal biological influence thought to affect the functioning/behavior of the developing child. 76. Discuss the reasons why research involving harmful influences on the fetus must be interpreted with c aution.