(Test Bank) Psychology A Journey 5th Edition by Coon Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

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Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence Test Bank for Psychology A Journey 5th Edition by Coon MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Unlike other species, the success of humans is due to a. our physical strength. b. our speed. c. our thinking ability and intelligence. d. a combination of all of these. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Homo Sapiens OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Concept 2. Homo Sapiens comes from the Latin words for a. man and wise. b. like and thinkers. c. one and mind. d. brain and upright. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Homo Sapiens OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Fact 3. Humans live in deserts, jungles, mountains, frenzied cities, placid retreats, and space stations, which illustrates how our mental abilities have helped us to be more a. practical. b. future -oriented. c. communal. d. adaptable. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Homo Sapiens OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 4. Stephen Hawking is a theoretical physicist who is confined to a wheelchair and must “speak” by manually controlling a speech synthesizer due to Lou Gehrig‟s disease. Hawking‟s ability to continue to advance our understanding of the universe illustrates how our intelligence and thinking ability a. is innate. b. would not be realized without learning being a continual process. c. is less important than our motivation to succeed. d. makes us adaptable to situations. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Homo Sapie ns OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 5. Which of the following refers to processing a mental representation of a problem or situation? a. intuition b. intelligence c. cognition d. selective attention ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate 1 2 REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 6. Cognition, or thinking, refers to a. processing a mental expression of a problem or situation. b. the capacity to act purposefully. c. the ability to adapt to one‟s surroundings. d. deeper comprehension of the nature of the problem. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 7. Dr. Hart‟s research interests include the mental activities involved in processing images, concepts, words, rules, and symbols. He would best be described as studying a. operant conditioning. b. learning. c. cognition. d. proxemics. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Application 8. The term “cognition” includes a. thinking, problem solving, reasoning, and daydreaming. b. classical and instrumental conditioning. c. eidetic imagery and processing. d. an active process by which sensory input is selected, organized, and integrated. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Fact 9. Cognition includes all of the following EXCEPT a. language. b. problem -solving. c. daydreaming. d. proxemics. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 10. When thought is passive, effortless, and automatic, the person is engaged in a. proxemics. b. inductive thinking. c. reflective processing. d. experiential processing. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate 3 REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 11. Passive, effortless daydreaming would be a type of a. proxemics. b. inductive thinking. c. experiential processing. d. reflective processing. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 12. Glancing at the television to see if your favorite program has started yet would be an example of a. proxemics. b. inductive thinking. c. reflective processing. d. experiential processing. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 13. Donna is studying for her psychology test while watching TV and texting her friends. Donna is engaged in a. proxemics. b. selective attention. c. experiential processing. d. reflective processing. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 14. If thought is active, effortful, and controlled, you are engaged in a. reflective processing. b. experiential processing. c. intuitive thinking. d. proxemics. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 15. Intense problem -solving and planning requires a. reflective processing. b. experiential processing. 4 c. intuitive thinking. d. proxemics. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 16. Jed is able to understand and remember what he read while studying psychology because he engaged in a. proxemics. b. divergent thinking. c. experiential processing. d. reflective processing. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 17. Animals can engage in simple forms of experiential processing, such as a. associative learning. b. concept formation. c. inductive thought. d. deductive thought. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 18. Regarding aspects of cognition, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Animals other than humans can engage in complex forms of reflective processing. b. Planning allows us to try out various options and avoid making many mistakes. c. Planning requires reflective processing. d. Daydreaming would be an example of experiential processing. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 19. Which of the following involves internal representations that permit you to look at numerous options before acting and allows you to avoid making mistakes? a. insight b. planning c. intrinsic encoding d. sensory memory ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 5 20. A recent college graduate mentally tries out several “answers” to possible questions he might be asked by prospective employers before actually going to his first interview. This college graduate is exhibiting a. planning. b. the semantic differential. c. intrinsic encoding. d. procedural memory. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 21. A television interviewer who mentally tries out several lines of questioning before actually beginning a live interview is exhibiting the reflective process of a. planning. b. the semantic differential. c. intrinsic encoding. d. procedural memory. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 22. Images, concepts, and symbols are all examples of a. morphemes. b. heuristics. c. semantics. d. internal representations. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 23. Thinking involves the manipulation of three basic forms of thought, which are a. images, concepts, and language. b. language, memory, and vestibular sensations. c. scripts, schemes, and synaesthesia. d. pictures, sounds, and illusions. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.3 KEY: Fact 24. Which of the following is NOT a basic unit of thought? a. concepts b. images c. languages d. engrams ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.3 6 KEY: Fact 25. Picture -like mental representations, or icons, are called a. morphemes. b. images. c. engrams. d. concepts. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 26. Generalized ideas that represent categories of objects or events are called a. morphemes. b. images. c. engrams. d. concepts. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 27. Words and symbols and the rules for combining them are referred to as a. concepts. b. language. c. morphemes. d. semantics. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 28. In order for two blindfolded chess players to play a game, they must rely on all of the following EXCEPT a. respondent conditioning. b. images. c. concepts. d. the notational system of chess. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.3 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 29. Thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT a. pattern recognition. b. intuition. c. attention and memory 7 d. engramatic notation. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: What Is Thinking? -Brains over Brawn OBJ: 8.1.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 30. Mandy is an artist and often uses picture -like internal representations in her thinking. Mandy is using a. pseudoperceptions. b. mental images. c. illusions. d. sane hallucinations. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 31. Which of the following often includes visual and auditory representations, but can also include representations of movement, touch, taste, smell, and pain? a. pseudoperception b. mental imagery c. illusionary processing d. automatic processing ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Fact 32. Your image of a bakery may also include its delicious odor, which shows that which of the following involves more than pictures? a. a mental image b. a concept c. a symbolic rule d. automatic processing ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 33. Kara has a rare form of imagery in which her mental images cross normal sense barriers, such as sounds being experienced as colors. Kara experiences a. synaesthesia. b. hallucinations. c. eidetic imagery. d. pseudoperceptions. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 8 34. A person who has unusual olfactory experiences when bombarded with the sounds of rock music would be described as having a. sensory overload. b. muscular imagery. c. eidetic imagery. d. synaesthesia. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application 35. Jeffrey often says that spiced chicken tastes “pointy,” that pain is the color orange, and that hearing human voices unleashes a flood of colors and tastes. Jeffrey is experiencing a rare form of imagery known as a. sensory overload. b. sane hallucinations. c. eidetic imagery. d. synaesthesia. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application 36. The paintings of your favorite artist depict his subjective impressions rather than the exact external objects. This may be due to this artist‟s brain allowing him to experience sounds as colors and shapes so that he literally paints what he “sees,” which illustrates the rare form of imagery known as a. lateral perspective. b. sane hallucinations. c. synaesthesia. d. eidetic imagery. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 37. Which of the following are used to change our feelings, make decisions, aid memory or improve a skill? a. respondent stimuli b. mental images c. iconic memories d. sensory gating effects ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 38. In which of the following ways would mental images NOT be used ? a. to change our feelings b. to make decisions c. to improve a skill d. to prevent automatic processing ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 9 REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 39. When you choose what clothes to wear or figure out how to arrange furniture in a room, you are using mental images to a. change your feelings. b. make a decision or solve a problem. c. improve a skill or prepare for some action. d. aid memory. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 40. Nan is upset because she has not lost enough weight to buy the new swimsuit that she had wanted, so she imagines herself on the beach having fun with her friends in her current swimsuit. Nan is using mental images to a. change her feelings. b. make a decision. c. prepare for some action. d. aid memory. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 41. Tony is mentally rehearsing how he will ask his boss for a raise. Tony is using mental images to a. change his feelings. b. make a decision. c. prepare for some action. d. aid memory. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 42. Regarding mental imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Almost everyone has visual and auditory images. b. Over 50 percent of humans have imagery for movement, touch, taste, smell, and pain. c. Experimental work has shown that mental images appear flat like photographs. d. People commonly use mental images to change feelings, make decisions, and aid memory. 10 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 / 8.2.2 KEY: Fact 43. Regarding mental imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Almost everyone has visual and auditory images. b. Mental images are not flat like photographs. c. Only 10 percent of humans have imagery for movement, touch, taste, smell, and pain. d. People can mentally rotate objects in their minds. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 / 8.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 44. Mental imagery can involve all of the following EXCEPT a. picture -like visual images. b. images for smell, taste, and pain. c. the mental rotation of the imaged object. d. words and categories of objects. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 / 8.2.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 45. Recent research on mental images indicates that human subjects a. can form three -dimensional images. b. are restricted to two-dimensional images similar to photographs. c. use images which are limited to the visual sense. d. are not capable of mentally rotating a mental image. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 / 8.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 46. Research indicates that mental images a. typically are inaccurate in terms of size and organization. b. are three dimensional and can be rotated in mental space. c. are flat, like photographs. d. are restricted to visual or auditory qualities. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.1 / 8.2.2 KEY: Fact 47. To answer the question, “Does a frog have lips and a stubby tail?”most people a. use mental rotation. b. utilize eidetic imagery. c. invent new images. 11 d. are unable to correctly answer the question. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.2 KEY: Concept 48. Jeff is presented with a picture of a connected block formation and then presented with four pictures of block formations that have the same number of connected blocks but shown from different perspectives. In order for Jeff to select which one of the four perspectives matches the original block formation, he must a. use eidetic imagery. b. use visual assimilation. c. form a three -dimensional image and rotate it. d. retrieve a stored image and utilize it as a disjunctive concept. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 49. Which of the following is partly based on imagined movements? a. mental rotation b. synaesthesia c. “reverse vision” d. eidetic imagery ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 50. Concerning mental imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Three people out of 100 find it impossible to produce mental images. b. Three people out of 100 have very strong imagery. c. Fewer than 20 percent of people can mentally rotate objects in their minds. d. Most artists, architects, designers, sculptors, and filmmakers have excellent visual imagery. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.2 / 8.2.3 KEY: Fact 51. Regarding “reverse vision,” which of the following statements is TRUE? a. “Reverse vision” is the process involved when a person experiences eidetic imagery. b. “Reverse vision” is the common name for synaesthesia. c. “Reverse vision” occurs when one forms any mental image. d. “Reverse vision” occurs when a person uses a hallucinogenic drug that prevents normal mental imagery. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.3 KEY: Fact 12 52. When you form a mental image of “a kite flying in the sky,” the brain area where memories are stored send signals back to the visual cortex to create that image. This process is known as a. visual assimilation. b. synaesthesia. c. “reverse vision.” d. none of these. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.3 KEY: Application 53. When you form a mental image of “a flower,” the brain area where memories are stored sends signals back to which brain area in order to create that image? a. somatosensory area b. primary visual area c. temporal lobe d. reticular formation ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.3 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 54. When you form a mental image of “a car,” the brain area where memories are stored sends signals back to the primary visual area to create that image through a process known as a. synaesthesia. b. visual assimilation. c. “reverse vision.” d. eidetic imagery. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.3 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 55. When Richard visualizes his girlfriend‟s face, the area in his brain that initially becomes most active is the a. somatosensory area. b. area that specializes in face perception. c. hypothalamus. d. motor cortex. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.3 KEY: Application 56. If you are asked, “How many ways can you use an empty egg carton?” you might begin by picturing uses you have already seen, such as sorting buttons into a carton. To give more original answers, you must a. use eidetic imagery. b. verbally talk about the egg carton. c. assemble or invent new images. d. do all of these. 13 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.3 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 57. Regarding the use of mental imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. People with good imaging abilities tend to score higher on tests of creativity, even if they are blind. b. To give original answers, you will probably need to invent new images. c. Seeing mental images in your “mind‟s eye” is more like seeing “flat” photographs and not like seeing real objects. d. Albert Einstein, Thomas Edison, Lewis Carroll, and many other of history‟s most original intellects relied heavily on imagery. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 58. Albert Einstein, Thomas Edison, Lewis Carroll, and many other of history‟s most original intellects relied heavily on a. denotative thinking. b. representativeness heuristics. c. mental imagery. d. convergent thinking. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.3 KEY: Concept 59. Kinesthetic imagery is created from remembered or imagined a. muscular sensations. b. auditory sensations. c. visual illusions. d. intuitive impressions. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.4 KEY: Fact 60. A baseball player, a skateboarder, or anyone involved in a movement -oriented activity would find which type of imagery especially important? a. kinesthetic b. semantic 14 c. prototypical d. conjunctive ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 61. If you were asked in which direction do you turn the hot-water handle in your kitchen to shut off the water, you would most likely use imagery. a. vestibular b. conjunctive c. inductive d. kinesthetic ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.4 KEY: Application 62. Which of the following guides the flow of ideas as one explains how to perform a motor activity, such as playing a guitar? a. kinesthetic imagery b. visual assimilation c. eidetic imagery d. inductive conceptualization ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.4 KEY: Concept 63. Your young son is having difficulty tying his shoe. While you give verbal suggestions, you are actually tying the shoe in your mind with your hands making slight movements as if tying a shoe. Your thoughts and micromovements of your hands illustrate your use of imagery. a. intuitive b. conjunctive c. inductive d. kinesthetic ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.4 KEY: Application 64. If you have good kinesthetic imagery, you most likely will be able to a. use the left side of your brain. b. learn the newest dance steps quickly. c. think of an exciting plot for a novel. d. argue successfully in a court of law. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.4 KEY: Concept 15 65. Jabar will be participating in a piano competition. On the flight to this competition, one could see Jabar slightly moving his fingers on the food tray as if he were playing the musical composition he will be presenting at the competition. To practice for this competition, Jabar is using a. illusionary figures. b. synaesthesia. c. kinesthetic imagery. d. eidetic imagery. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.4 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 66. An effective way for athletes to improve their skills off the field is to practice by rehearsing a. negative self-talk to motivate themselves. b. relaxation images to use when they make a “bad” play. c. the use of synaesthesia regarding their upcoming athletic performance. d. kinesthetic images of themselves performing flawlessly. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Imagery -Does a Frog Have Lips? OBJ: 8.2.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 67. An idea representing a category of related objects or events is called a(n) a. abstraction. b. relational attribute. c. unified thought. d. concept. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.1 KEY: Fact 68. Which of the following represents a category of related objects or events and helps us identify important features of the world? a. algorithm b. heuristic c. kinesthetic image d. concept ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.1 KEY: Fact 69. A concept is defined as a. a mental representation that has picture -like qualities. b. an ideal model used as a prime example of some category. c. a generalized idea representing a category of related objects or events. d. the smallest meaningful unit in a language. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate 16 REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.1 KEY: Fact 70. The word “fruit” is used to represent such foods as apples, pears, and oranges and would be considered a(n) a. algorithm. b. heuristic. c. prototype. d. concept. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.1 KEY: Application 71. An expert bird watcher would be better than a beginner at all of the following skills EXCEPT for a. seeing the identifying details of the various birds. b. classifying birds. c. seeing and understanding birds in a significantly different way. d. generating eidetic images of birds in his or her mind. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 72. Regarding concepts and concept formation, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. At its most basic level, concept formation is based on experience with positive and negative instances. b. Adults often acquire concepts by learning conceptual rules. c. An expert literally sees objects in their field of knowledge differently than less well- informed people do. d. Children and adults use algorithms to make minute distinctions between closely related concepts. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.1 / 8.3.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 73. Concept formation refers to a. the organization of phonemes and morphemes into meaningful thoughts. b. the application of transformation rules to basic sentences. c. inductive thinking as opposed to deductive thinking. d. the process of classifying information into meaningful categories. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 KEY: Fact 74. When one classifies information into meaningful categories, one is using the process called a. prototyping. b. experiential processing. 17 c. synaesthesia. d. concept formation. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moder ate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 75. When we group together all cars, regardless of the make of an individual car, because they share common characteristics or attributes, we are using a. algorithms. b. heuristics. c. concept formation. d. divergent thinking. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 KEY: Application 76. At its most basic level, which of the following is based on experiences with positive and negative instances? a. prototyping b. the random search strategy c. synaesthesia d. concept formation ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 KEY: Concept 77. A father is helping his daughter to learn about animals. He points to a robin and eagle and explains that there are birds that fly, while the ostrich and penguin are examples of birds that do not fly. He then shows her pictures of a bat and a flying squirrel and tells her that these are not birds, but that the bat can actually fly and the flying squirrel can glide through the air. To help his daughter learn the concept of “bird,” the father is using a. conceptual rules. b. algorithms. c. prototyping. d. positive and negative instances. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 KEY: Application 18 78. Which of the following is a formal guideline for deciding whether objects or events belong to a category or class? a. algorithm b. conceptual rule c. connotative meaning d. lexigram ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 KEY: Fact 79. “A triangle must be a closed shape with three sides made of straight lines.” This statement is an example of a a. prototype. b. positive instance. c. conceptual rule. d. disjunctive concept. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 KEY: Application 80. The DSM -IV has specific criteria and guidelines that help psychologists to determine the particular mental illness that a client is exhibiting. The use of the diagnostic criteria in the DSM -IV illustrates the use of a. prototypes. b. conceptual rules. c. negative instances. d. framing. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 KEY: Application 81. Regarding concept formation, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. At its most basic level, concept formation is based on experience with positive and negative instances. b. As adults, we often acquire concepts by learning or forming rules. c. Rules are an efficient way to learn concepts, but examples remain important. d. A class of objects that have two or more features in common is called a relational concept. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.2 / 8.3.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 82. A class of objects that have two or more features in common (“and” concepts) is called a concept. a. relational b. conjunctive c. disjunctive 19 d. prototypical ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Fact 83. An advertisement states that job applicants must have a B.S. degree in chemistry and three letters of recommendation. This illustrates a concept. a. prototypical b. relational c. disjunctive d. conjunctive ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 9.4 KEY: Application 84. To be a “sports car,” a vehicle must meet the criteria to be classified as “a car” and must also have a “sporty” look. Therefore, a “sports car” would be considered a concept. a. conjunctive b. prototypical c. disjunctive d. relational ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 85. A motorcycle must have two wheels and an engine and handlebars. Thus, a motorcycle is considered a concept. a. conjunctive b. prototypical c. disjunctive d. relational ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 86. Acceptance into the nursing program requires that you have successfully completed eight hours of anatomy and physiology and three hours of college algebra and have an overall 3.0 grade point average. Your acceptance into the nursing program would be considered a concept. a. disjunctive b. prototypical c. conjunctive d. relational ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 87. Which type of concept is defined by how its features are associated with each other or how the object is associated with its surroundings, such as being lopsided or larger? 20 a. relational b. conjunctive c. disjunctive d. connotative ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Fact 88. Uncle, aunt, brother, and sister would all be considered a. prototypes. b. relational concepts. c. disjunctive concepts. d. conjunctive concepts. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 89. You are directed to go to the orientation session in Ivy Hall, which is the large building to your right as you enter the south entrance to the MCC campus. These directions illustrate concepts. a. prototypical b. relational c. disjunctive d. conjunctive ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 90. Some people refer to a soft drink as either a “coke” or a “pop.” Since the word used for a soft drink depends on where you grew up, this type of concept would be considered a. relational. b. conjunctive. c. disjunctive. d. denotative. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 91. A concept defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features is a concept. a. relational b. conjunctive c. disjunctive d. connotative ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Fact 92. Psychosis involves the person exhibiting either delusions or hallucinations or delusions and hallucinations. In this example, psychosis would be a concept. 21 a. prototypical b. conjunctive c. disjunctive d. connotative ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 93. In baseball an “out” can occur when a player strikes out, if the player is tagged out while running the bases, or if he hits a ball that is caught by an outfielder. Thus, the concept of an “out” would be considered a concept. a. prototypical b. conjunctive c. disjunctive d. connotative ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 94. An advertisement states that job applicants must have an A.A. degree or two years of experience. This illustrates a concept. a. prototypical b. relational c. conjunctive d. disjunctive ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 95. In a pie eating contest, a “foul” is defined as: “Any use of the hands to remove the contents of the pie, any interference with another contestant, or any attempt to throw a pie at the judges.” Used this way, the term “foul” is a concept. a. connotative b. conjunctive c. disjunctive d. relational ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamac allit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Application 96. The either/or quality of disjunctive concepts makes them a. hard to learn. b. easy to learn. c. a relational rule. d. a prototypical rule. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate 22 REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 97. An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept is a(n) a. algorithm. b. heuristic. c. prototype. d. relational concept. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Fact 98. Most of us tend to think of and identify concepts in terms of ideals or models called a. prototypes. b. algorithms. c. conjunctions. d. disjunctions. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Concept 99. Carol is given a beautiful, but unique glass container with a curved handle. Whether she decides that this container is a decorative vase, bowl, or cup will be determined by her comparison of this container to a. prototypes. b. semantic differentials. c. a series of negative instances. d. algorithms. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 100. A person would have the LEAST difficulty in classifying which of the following plants as a tree? a. magnolia b. bonsai tree c. oak d. palm ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 101. Which of the following would most people find the LEAST useful as a prototype of a bird? a. cardinal b. blue jay c. eagle d. penguin ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate 23 REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Application 102. If 98 out of 100 people respond “Golden Retriever” when asked to name what dog best represents the concept “dog,” then a golden retriever would be called a a. denotative concept. b. prototype. c. relational concept. d. feature. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Application 103. It‟s hard to identify concepts when we can‟t come up with relevant a. conjunctive concepts. b. disjunctive concepts. c. representativeness algorithms. d. prototypes. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 104. Oversimplified concepts of groups of people are called a. social stereotypes. b. disjunctive concepts. c. representative algorithms. d. conjunctive concepts. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Fact 105. When we form oversimplified concepts based on gender or ethnicity, we are relying on a. relational stereotypes. b. group thinking. c. social stereotypes d. disjunctive stereotypes. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Concept 106. Thinking errors often result from using a. disjunctive concepts. b. conceptual rules. c. oversimplified concepts and all-or-nothing thinking. d. positive and negative instances to classify concepts. 24 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 107. Lambert believes that any student that makes straight A‟s is socially inept and non -athletic. Regarding straight -A students, Lambert is using a a. disjunctive concept. b. social stereotype. c. conjunctive prototype. d. denotative concept. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Application 108. Coleen believes that any athlete is egotistical, rude, and lacking in academic motivation. Regarding athletes, Coleen is using a a. disjunctive concept. b. social stereotype. c. conjunctive prototype. d. denotative concept. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 109. One-dimensional thinking in which people, objects, or events are classified as absolutely right or wrong typifies thinking. a. all-or-nothing b. multidimensional c. conjunctive conceptual d. disjunctive conceptual ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 110. Herrera typically classifies events or issues as absolutely right or wrong, fair or unfair, or good or bad. Herrera is exhibiting a. cognitive dissonance. b. all-or-nothing thinking. c. prototyping. d. dichotomous rationalization. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Application 25 111. Rene believes that anybody that states that they are voting for “her” political candidate is totally right, honest, and righteous; while anybody that chooses to vote for the “other” candidate is absolutely wrong, unethical, sinful, and “not her friend anymore.” Rene is exhibiting a. prototyping. b. dichotomous rationalization. c. cognitive dissonance. d. all-or-nothing thinking. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.4 KEY: Application 112. The objective, dictionary definition of a word is its meaning. a. relational b. categorical c. connotative d. denotative ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.5 KEY: Fact 113. The denotative meaning of a word is a. its stereotypical definition. b. its emotional or personal meaning. c. its dictionary definition. d. the exact spelling and pronunciation of any word. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.5 KEY: Fact 114. In the dictionary, Mark finds the definition of the word “liberal” includes the words “broad -minded,” “moderate,” and “tolerant.” This definition represents this concept‟s meaning. a. denotative b. connotative c. prototypical d. disjunctive ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Concepts -I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit OBJ: 8.3.5 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 115. Although Mark looked in the dictionary for the definition of the word “liberal,” he still would find it offensive if someone referred to him as “liberal.” Thus, Mark‟s negative view of the word “liberal” represents, for him, this concept‟s meaning. a. denotative b. connotative c. conjunctive d. disjunctive ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate