(Test Bank) A Concise Introduction to Linguistics

Rowe,Levine, 6

Languages

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6th Edition

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Test Bank for A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, The downloadable file consists of 179 pages, and the total size of the file is 1.57 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Rowe, Levine

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Information Classification: General Test Bank for A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, 6e Bruce Rowe, Diane Levine (All Chapters) Chapter 1 The Nature of Communication True/False Questions 1. Linguistic competence refers to the subconscious knowledge of one’s language. Answer: T 2. Language is dependent on hearing or speech. Answer: F 3. In Chapter 1, we discuss various types of animal communication because comparison of those systems of communication can aid us in understanding human communication. Answer: T 4. All animals have a language. Answer: F 5. Bird calls tend to be species specific. Answer: F 6. Bird songs tend to be species specific. Answer: T 7. All researchers now agree that apes can learn language. Answer: F 8. A person who stutters has a problem wi th linguistic competence. Answer: F 9. The fact that many new words are added to English each year demonstrates that English, like any language, is an open system. Answer: T 10. Birds and bees generally learn most of their communication systems from other members of their social groups. Answer: F 11. The terms language and communication can be used interchangeably because they mean the same thing. Answer: F Information Classification: General 12. One difference between apes’ use of sign “language” and a human’s use of language, is that apes seldom initiate communication whereas humans, including young children, frequently initiate communication with others. Answer: T 13. Humans communicate in both verbal and nonverbal ways. Answer: T 14. Redundancy in a message helps overcome “static”. Answer: T 15. Bird songs are generally more elaborate than birdcalls. Answer: T 16. The characteristic of languages that allow people to coin new words as needed is called discreteness. Answer: F 17. Linguistic forms, such as words or sentences, have an arbitrary relationship to their mea ning. Answer: T 18. Compared to nonhuman communication, human linguistic communication tends to be stimulus -bound. Answer: F 19. The fact that a person can talk about the past or anticipate the future illustrates the characteristic of language called displacement. Answer: T 20. Some researchers believe that Kanzi processes a basic understanding of simple grammar. Answer: T 21. Alex the parrot, as well as the apes that have been used in language experiments, have been able to learn language at the level of about a five -year-old human. Answer: F 22. Culture shock occurs when a person interacts with a person or people from a foreign culture and disorientation and anxiety occurs when social expectations are not met because of a lack of knowledge of the norms of the other’s culture. Answer: T Information Classification: General 23. Ethnocentrism is the act of judging other cultures by the standards of that culture and not by the standards of one’s own culture. Answer: F 24. Broca’s area of the brain controls the larynx, lips, tongue, and other areas of the digestive and respiratory systems involved with oral and facial fine motor skills in the production of language. Answer: T 25. Broca’s area of the brain is the main areas of the brain involved in the comprehension of speech and the selection of lexical items. A nswer. F. 26. Marc Hauser, W. Tecumseh Fitch, and Noam Chomsky believe that many nonhumans share with humans what they call the faculty of language in the narrow sense (FLN). Answer: F 27. Recursion is the process whereby any linguistics unit can be made longer b y embedding another unit in it. Answer: T 28. The concept of Theory of the Mind refers to a person’s ability to know exactly what other people are thinking. Answer: F Multiple Choice Questions 29. Communication always includes the transmission of a. Ideas. b. Thoughts. c. Emotions. d. Information. Answer: d 30. Although there might be universal aspects of all languages that are innate, specific languages are a. Also strictly innate. b. Mostly innate. c. Learned. Information Classification: General d. Innate if they are a first language and learned if they are a second language. Answer: c 31. The mostly subconscious knowledge of the grammar and lexicon of one’s language is called a. Linguistic competence. b. Linguistic performance. c. Linguistic patterns. d. Linguis tic systematics. Answer: a 32. Stuttering would be a problem with a. Linguistic competence. b. Linguistic performance. c. Linguistic patterns. d. Linguistic systematics. Answer: b 33. King George VI, actress Marilyn Monroe, and Sir Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II and again from 1951 to 1955) as well as many other famous people were stutterers. Stuttering is a problem with: a. The tongue being too thick. b. The subconscious knowledge of the language (linguistic competence). c. The abili ty to deliver linguistic competence; that is, a problem of linguistic performance. d. Wernicke’s area of the brain. Answer: c 34. The following is not a delivery system of language a. Writing. Information Classification: General b. Facial expression. c. Speech. d. Sign language. Answer: b 35. A person’s appearance is one way that information is communicated a. Verbally. b. Innately. c. Most accurately. d. Nonverbally. Answer: d 36. The communication of bees and birds is mostly a. Learned. b. Innate. c. Inaccurate. d. Not important for survival. Answer: b 37. Kanzi is a. The chimpanzee that was taught a form of ASL. b. The first gorilla to be taught a form of ASL. c. A computer -using bonobo. d. The chimpanzee used by Herbert Terrace to place doubt on the claims of other ape -language researchers. Answer: c 38. Kanzi, the bonobo, uses lexig rams to communicate. Lexigrams are a. Natural sounds that bonobos make. Information Classification: General b. A form of ASL c. An arbitrary symbol that represents a concept. d. A picture of what is being represented. Answer c 39. Washoe was a chimpanzee that used a. Letters. b. A computer. c. ASL. d. Speech. Answer: c 40. Washoe, the chimpanzee, used ASL to communicate. ASL is a form of a. Natural speech. b. Written letters. c. Computer program. d. Sign language of the Deaf. Answer: d 41. The bee’s “waggle” dance displays some productivity by conveying information about a. Intensity and quality. b. Color and smell. c. Distance and direction. d. Wind speed and heat. Answer: c 42. Humans can communicate about things that happened a long time ago or a long distance away. This is called a. Openness. b. Discr eteness. c. Prevarication. d. Displacement. Information Classification: General Answer: d 43. All languages can add new words and phrases to their lexicon as need. This is called a. Openness. b. Discreteness. c. Displacement. d. Prevarication. Answer: a 44. The unit of language (such as sounds and words) can be recombined into an almost infinite number of combinations. This feature of language is called a. Openness. b. Discreteness. c. Displacement. d. Prevarication. Answer: b 45. Humans can tell lies or stories that are fictional. This is called a. Openness. b. Discreteness. c. Displacement. d. Prevarication. Answer: d 46. Herbert Terrace’s experiments with the chimpanzee, Nim Chimpsky, a. Disproved the theories of Noam Chomsky. b. Did not disprove the theories of Noam Chomsky. c. Concluded than Nim spoke seven words by the age of 2. d. Found that Nim was able to count to 15. Information Classification: General Answer: b 47. The “Clever Hans Effect” refers to a horse, Clever Hans, that was able to do simple arithmetic problems because a. He had received intensive instruction in arithmetic. b. His trainer tapped every time he was to tap his hoof. c. He was reacting to unintentional cues from the trainer or the audience. d. All of the above. Answer: c 48. Culture shock is: a. Can occur when any one interacts with a person or people from a foreign culture. b. Only refers to a phenomenon that occurs when anthropologist do field work. c. Only occurs when people from developed nations encounter people from developing nations. d. No longer occurs because we have a universal culture throughout the world. Answer: a 49. Theory of Mind is a concept that refers to people’s ability to: a. Dream b. The ability to characterize and predict the mental states of others. c. The ability to read minds in the way that a medium is said to read minds. d. The idea that each individual is unique Answer: b Matching Questions Set One: Characteristics of Language 50. The ability to communicate about things that cannot be validated a. openness 51 Units of language can be combined infinitely. b. displacement Information Classification: General 52 New words can be added to any language c. productivity 53. The ability to understand utterances that have never been heard before. d. discreteness 54 . The ability to communicate about things or events that are not present. e. prevarication Answers: 50-e, 51-d, 52-a, 53-c, 54-b Set Two: Nonhuman and Human Communication Compared. 55 . generally stimulus bound a. Best describes nonhuman communication systems. 56. generally innate b. Best describes human communication systems 57. generally closed systems . 58. generally learned 59. Units of communication have an arbitrary meaning Answers: 55-a, 56-a, 57-a, 58-b, 59-b Set Three: Ape Subjects of Ape -Language Studies 60. Kanzi a. A chimpanzee whose researcher changed his mind about chimpanzee’s language abilities. Information Classification: General 61. Washoe b. A chimpanzee that was taught ASL 62. Nim Chimpsky c. A bonobo that uses lexigrams 63. Viki d. A gorilla that was taught ASL 64. Koko e. A chimpanzee that was home -raised with humans. Answers: 60-c, 61-b, 62-a, 63-e, 64-d Essay Questions What types of “static” might occur when communicating with a person whose cultural background is different than yours? 66. Under what type of circumstance have you had the most problems have with your linguistic performance? Explain why you think you had these problems. 67 Has anything about your personal linguistic competence that was subconsciously known before you began taking this class become consciously known to you now? Explain. 68. Why do most linguists not consider what Washoe, Koko, and other apes do in ape-langua ge experiments to be language in the full sense of the linguist’s definition of language? 69. What is recursion? Why is it an important defining element of language? 70. What is aphasia? What are the differences between Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphas ia? 71. What are some common ethnocentric ideas that people might hold about their language and the languages of other people? Information Classification: General 72. What does the concept of the Theory of Mind refer to? What is the significance of the Theory of the Mind in terms of differe ntiating human from nonhuman cognition? Information Classification: General Chapter 2 Phonetics: The Sounds Used in Languages Note: There are seven variations of oral quizzes along with a blank form that can be used as an answer sheet at the end of this chapter. True/False Questions 1. The 3 types of assimilation mentioned in the book are: voice, manner and place. Answer: T 2. Most linguists currently use the phrase vocal cords instead of vocal folds because the part of the vocal track being referred to by this term is shaped like a string or rope. Answer : F 3. Sounds which are more frequently used in a language, acquired earlier, and are simpler to articulate, are said to be unmarked. Answer: T 4. /p/ is a voiceless bilabial oral stop. Answer: T 5. /n/ is a voiceless alveolar oral fricative. Answer: F 6. The word cat is transcribed phonetically as /cæt/. Answer: F 7. The word cat is transcribed phonetically as /kæt/. Answer: T 8. The vowel sounds in the following words are all diphthongs: lawyer, house, and fat. Answer: F 9. The vowel sounds in the following words are all monophthongs : lawyer, house, and fat. Answer: F 10. Vowels in English are almost always voiced. Answer: T 11. Vowels in English are almost always voiceless. Answer: F Information Classification: General 12. Vowels are sounds that are produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream. Answer: T 13. Consonants are sounds that are produced with no obstruction of the airstream. Answer: F 14. The three nasal consonants in English are /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/. Answer: T 15. The three nasal consonants in English are /p/, /g/ and /t/. Answer: F 16. A raised /h/ next to a phonetic symbol, means that the sound is aspirated. Answer: T 17. A raised /h/ next to a phonetic symbol, means that the sound is unaspirated. Answer: F 18. There are five vowel sounds in English. Answer: F 19. There are two vowel sounds in the word grade . Answer: F 20. There are twelve main monophthong vowel sounds in most varieties of American English. Answer: T 21. In speech, fundamental frequency is the rate at which the vocal folds (cords) vibrate. Answer: T 22. Pitch is never a linguistically significant phonetic feature. Answer: F 23. Mandarin is an intonational language and English is a tonal language. Answer: F 24. Tone is a specific pitch or a specific change in pitch that functions in tonal languages to distinguish words which are made up of the same segments. Answer: T 25. In English, a vowel that comes before a voiced consonant usually has a longer duration that a vowel that comes before a voiceless consonant. Answer: T Information Classification: General 26. In English, differences in the duration of a vowe l always change the meaning of words that are the same in every other way. Answer: F 27. The junctures in the pair /gre+det/ and /gred+et/are called perceived junctures because they may not be physically produced during speech. Answer: T 28. Differences in the amount of stress that different syllables receive in a multisyllabic word might change the meaning of the word. Answer: T 29. In English, differences in stress can change the meaning of a monosyllabic word. Answer: F 30. People usually can tell where one word ends and another word starts (word boundaries) even when listening to a language they do not know at all. Answer: F 31. Linguists use a phonetic alphabet to describe speech sounds, in part, because each symbol of a phonetic alphabet is only pronounced one way ther eby eliminating the ambiguity of the letters of the alphabet used for regular spelling, many of which can be pronounced in more than one way. Answer: T Multiple Choice Questions 32. /wašo w ʌz ʌ čɪmpænzi ðæt yuzd/ a. /lɛtr̩z/ b. /ʌ kʌmpyutr /̩ c. /e əs əl/ d. /spič/ Answer: c 33. The word though is made up of _______________individual sound(s) a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 Information Classification: General d. 4 Answer: b 34. There are _______________main monophthong vowel sounds in most varieties of English a. 2 b. 5 c. 7 d. 12 Answer: d 35. Sounds that are produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream are called a. vowels b. homophones c. consonants d. phonemes Answer: a 36. Which of the following is not one of the three nasal consonants in English? a. /b/ b. /n/ c. /ŋ/ d. /m/ Answer: a 37. The word cat is transcribed phonetically as a. /cæt/. b. /kæt/ c. /kat/ d. /khat/ Answer: b Information Classification: General 38. Which of the following words has a diphthong in it? a. book b. house c. fat d. sense Answer: b 39. Which of the following is not a vowel? a. /æ/ b. /ʌ/ c. /ʔ/ d. /ɔ/ Answer: c 40. /wɪč ʌv də faloɪŋ ɪz nat ə vawl/ ? a. /æ/ b. /ʌ/ c. /ʔ/ d. /ɔ/ Answer: c 41. Unmarked sounds can be described as all of the following except a. more frequently used in a language b. more unusual sounding c. acquired earlier in life d. simpler to articulate Answer: b 42. A raised [ʰ]next to a phonetic symbol, means a. That the sound is aspirated. b. That the sound is an in itial consonant. c. That the sound has a primary stress. Information Classification: General d. That the sound is in free variation. Answer: a 43. In English, changing the placement of the primary stress in a word like record can a. Change the meaning of the word. b. Change the vowel sounds in the word. c. Change the part of speech of the word. d. All of the above. Answer: d 44. The word spelled content can either mean “ what is in something” or “satisfied” depending on: a. where stress is place. b. where juncture occurs. c. whether the first consonant is aspirated or not. d. whether or not the first vowel sound is long or short. Answer: a 45. When we speak we generally produce about __________speech sounds per minute: a. 3-5. b. 10-20. c. 25-40. d. 45-70. Answer: b 46. For languages that they speak fluently, people know were one word ends and another one begins because they a. detect sounds or sound combinations that would never occur in certain positions in a word. Information Classification: General b. detect sounds that would be “left over” if a string of so unds were divided up in a specific way c. detect cues (such as aspiration in English) that indicate that a sound must occur at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. d. all of the above e. none of the above. Answer: d Matching Questions Set One: Match the word on the left with its Standard American English phonetic spelling. 47. lamp a. /šɛd/ 48. shed b. /tu/ 49. two c. /wi/ 50. we d. /læmp/ 51. been e. /bɪn/ Answers: 47 -d, 48 -a, 49 -b, 50 -c, 51 -e 52. alveolar ridge a. the back fleshy section of the roof of the mouth 53. pharyngeal cavity b. the space between the vocal folds 54. velum c. the ridge behind the upper teeth 55. glottis d. the bony part of the roof of the mouth 56. hard palate e. throat Answers: 52 -c, 53 -e, 54 -a, 55 -b, 56 -d-e Information Classification: General Essay Questions 57. Speech is sometimes called a derived ability in that it is, in part, made possible by systems responsible for other bodily functions. What does this statement mean? 58. In what ways can the air stream fr om lungs be altered before that air stream exits the body? 59. What is the phonetic difference between consonants and vowels? Is the difference between consonants and vowels always clear -cut? Explain. 60. Consonant sounds are described by the place and manner of a rticulation. In your own words, explain some of these places and manners. Give examples of each. 61. What advantage does the phonetic alphabet have over regular spelling? Why do linguists use it? 62. We are all Homo sapiens . So, all humans use the exactly same number and the same sounds for the ir languages. Is this statement true or false? Explain why. 63. Give a t least thre e examples of how the phonetic environment of a sound affects the articul ation of that sound. 64. What are suprasegmentals? Are suprasegmental characteristics of speech sounds important? Explain. 65. What are some general ways in which connected speech differs from saying each word individually? 66. Several actors currently appearing in American television programs are not from the United States or Canada. An example would be Hugh Laurie who was in the lead role as an American doctor in the T.V. series House . He usually has British accent but there Information Classification: General is no trace of it when he plays Dr. House. How would learning the phonetic alphabet help him and other actors convincingly speak a dialect that is not their own? 67. The title of Table 2 -5 is Suprasegmentals: Perceived Juncture ? Why is the word perceived used in the title? For an easy way to write the phonetic symbols on your computer see: “Eureka! Th e Easy Way to Type Foreign Alphabets and Accented Letters in MS Word” <http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc > and “Adding IPA! The Easy Way to Type Phonetic Symbols, Too, in MS Word” <www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/eureka -ipa.doc > Word Lists for Phonetics Quizzes These phonetic spellings indicate the way that we, the authors of the text book, Rowe and Levine, pronounce these words. We were both raised (for the most part) and have lived our adult lives in Southern California. You should take your o wn pronunciation into account when using these phonetic answers. Version 1 (This quiz uses all of the phonetic symbols in the charts in Chapter 2 except the glottal stop / ʔ/.) 1. Lamp/læmp/ 2. shed /š ɛd/ 3. two /tu/ 4. we /wi/ 5. been /b ɪn/ 6. caught /k ɔt/ 13. think /θ ɪŋk/ 14. whiz /w ɪz/ 15. bait /bet/ 16. fool /ful/ 17. could /k ʊd/ 18. get /g ɛt/ Information Classification: General 7. tied /tayd/ 8. rock /r ɑk/ 9. cow /kaw/ 10. croak /krok/ 11. crook /kr ʊk/ 12. love /l ʌv/ 19. the /ð ə/ 20. linguist /l ɪŋgwɪst/ 21. teaches /tič ɪz/ 22. phonetics /f ənɛtɪks/ 23. speech /spič/ 24. jump /ǰ ʌmp/ 25. coffee /k ɔfi/ Version 2 (This quiz uses all of the phonetic symbols in the charts in Chapter 2 except the glottal stop / ʔ/.) 1. lamp /læmp/ 2. bed /b ɛd/ 3. rich/r ɪč/ 4. reach/rič/ 5. shot /šat/ 6. crawl /kr ɔl/ 7. box /baks/ 8. grace /gres/ 9. soothe /suð/ 10. gym /ǰ ɪm/ 11. lose /luz/ 12. bead /bid/ 13. loose /lus/ 14. cough /k ɔf/ 15. but /b ʌt/ 16. plow /plaw/ 17. eyes /ayz/ 18. foot /f ʊt/ 19. bet /b ɛt/ 20. great /gret/ 21. think /θ ɪŋk/ 22. reef /rif/ 23. phonetics /f ənɛtɪks/ 24. would /w ʊd/ 25. sofa /sof ʌ/ Version 3 (This quiz uses all of the phonetic symbols in the charts in Chapter Two except the glottal stop /ʔ/.) 1. by /bay/ 2. cow /kaw/ 3. butte /byut/ 4. meat /mit/ 13. gnat /næt/ 14. cough /k ɔf/ 15. love /l ʌv/ 16. socks /saks/ Information Classification: General 5. wall /w ɔl/ 6. bate /bet/ 7. hope /hop/ 8. who /hu/ 9. teeth /tiθ/ 10. king /k ɪŋ/ 11. keys /kiz/ 12. gym /ǰ ɪm/ 17. grease /gris/ 18. put /p ʊt/ 19. shed /š ɛd/ 20. great /gret/ 21. thin /θ ɪn/ 22. teach /tič/ 23. vision /v ɪžən/ 24. wood /w ʊd/ 25. sofa /sof ʌ/ Version 4 (This quiz uses all of the phonetic symbols in the charts in Chapter Two except the glottal stop /ʔ/ and the voiced interdental fricative /d/).) 1. wood /w ʊd/ 2. sofa /sof ʌ/ 3. bate /bet/ 4. hope /hop/ 5. who /hu/ 6. teeth /tiθ/ 7. king /k ɪŋ/ 8. keys /kiz/ 9. gym /ǰ ɪm/ 10. by /bay/ 11. cow /kaw/ 12. butte /byut/ 13. meat /mit/ 14. wall /w ɔl/ 15. shed /š ɛd/ 16. great /gret/ 17. thin /θ ɪn/ 18. gnat /næt/ 19. cough /k ɔf/ 20. love /l ʌv/ 21. socks /saks/ 22. grease /gris/ 23. put /p ʊt/ 24. teach /tič/ 25. vision /v ɪžən/ Version 5 (This quiz uses all of the phonetic symbols in the charts in Chapter Two except the glottal stop /ʔ/, the glide /w/ and the palatal fricative /ž/.) Information Classification: General 1. last /læst/ 2. bed /b ɛd/ 3. rich /r ɪč/ 4. reach /rič/ 5. shot /šat/ 6. krawl /kr ɔl/ 7. box /baks/ 8. grace /gres/ 9. soothe /sud/ 10. gym /ǰ ɪm/ 11. lose /luz/ 12. bead /bid/ 13. loose /lus/ 14. cough /k ɔf/ 15. but /b ʌt/ 16. plow /plaw/ 17. eyes /ayz/ 18. foot /f ʊt/ 19. bet /b ɛt/ 20. great /gret/ 21. think /θ ɪŋk/ 22. reef /rif/ 23. phonetics /f ʌnɛtɪks/ 24. could /k ʊd/ 25. sofa /sof ʌ/ Version 6 (This quiz uses all of the phonetic symbols in the charts in Chapter Two except the glottal stop / ʔ/, the glide/w/ and the palatal fricative /ž/.) 1. lamp /læmp/ 2. shed /š ɛd/ 3. two /tu/ 4. he /hi/ 5. been /b ɪn/ 6. caught /k ɔt/ 7. tied /tayd/ 8. rock /rak/ 9. cow /kaw/ 10. croak /krok/ 11. crook /kr ʊk/ 12. love /l ʌv/ 13. think /θ ɪŋk/ 14. foil /f ɔyl/ 15. bait /bet/ 16. fool /ful/ 17. could /k ʊd/ 18. get /g ɛt/ 19. the /ð ə/ 20. loose /lus/ 21. lose /luz/ 22. phonetics /f ʌnɛtɪks/ 23. speech /spič/ 24. jump /ǰ ʌmp/ 25. coffee /k ɔfi/ Information Classification: General Version 7 (This quiz uses all of the phonetic symbols in the charts in Chapter Two except the glottal stop / ʔ/.) 1. could /k ʊd/ 2. sofa /sof ʌ/ 3. bate /bet/ 4. hope /hop/ 5. who /hu/ 6. teeth /tiθ/ 7. king /k ɪŋ/ 8. keys /kiz/ 9. gym /ǰ ɪm/ 10. by /bay/ 11. cow /kaw/ 12. but /b ʊt/ 13. meat /mit/ 14. mall /m ɔl/ 15. shed /š ɛd/ 16. great /gret/ 17. this /ð ɪs/ 18. gnat /næt/ 19. cough /k ɔf/ 20. love /l ʌv/ 21. socks /saks/ 22. grease /gris/ 23. put /p ʊt/ 24. teach /tič/ 25. vision /v ɪžən/ Phonetics Quiz Name_____________________________ Course________ Hour___________ 1. _____ _________________ 14.__________________________ 2.________________ ______ 15.__________________________ 3.__________________ ____ 16.__________________________ 4. ______________________ 17.__________________________ 5. _________________ _____ 18.__________________________ 6. ______________________ 19.__________________________ Information Classification: General 7. ______________________ 20.__________________________ 8. ______________________ 21._________________________ 9.______________________ 22._________________________ 10._____________________ 23._________________________ 11._____________________ 24._________________________ 12._____________________ 25._________________________ 13._____________________