(Test Bank) Introduction to Clinical Psychology

Hunsley,Lee, 4

Psychology

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4th Edition

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Author(s): Hunsley, Lee

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Test Bank for Introduction to Clinical Psychology, 4e John Hunsley, Catherine Lee (All Chapters) Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Chapter 1 The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Multiple Choice Questions 1. A national survey found that 1 of _____ Canadian adolescents and adults reported that in the last year they experience symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of a mental disorder suc h as abuse, alcohol dependence, mood disorder, or anxiety disorder. a. 3 . b. 10. c. 25. d. 50. Answer: B Page: 2 2. In 2014, a health survey of active Canadian military personnel found that ______ reported a mental disorder in the previous year. a. 3.6% b. 10% c. 16.5 d. 45.5% Answer: C Page: 2 3. The cost of mental illness to Canadia n society is estimated at _ _____ dollars. a. $57 million b. $121 million c. $1.5 billion d. $63 billion Answer: D Page 2 4. In 2006, the London School of Economics released The Depression Report , which translated epidemiological data into economic terms , and found that: a. in order to meet the needs of the population, 20% of the National Health Service ’s expenditures are allocated to the treatment of anxiety & depression . b. in order to meet the needs of the population, 10% of the National Health Service ’s expenditures are allocated to the treatment of anxiety & depression. c. the c ost of treating mental health issues is lower than the cost of prevention. d. the cost of treating mental health issues is lower than the cost of p aying disability benefits due to mental disorders. Answer: D Page: 2 5. System atic literature reviews conducted by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) find that evidence -based psychological treatments are a. no more effective than placebo treatment for anxiety and depression . b. at least as effective as medication for anxiety and depression . c. more costly than disability payments associated with mental illness . Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. d. effective for less than 15% of people with anxiety or depression . Answer: B Page: 3 6. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the accurate diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders worldwide occurs for _________ of people who suffer from mental disorders. a. only a small percentage b. a large percentage c. approximately half d. the majority of individuals Answer: A Page: 2 7. Data from the World Health Organization (2004) indicate that most mental disorders a. are diagnosed and treated effectively in developed countries , but not in developing countries . b. are overlooked and misdiagno sed and therefore remain untreated or mistreated. c. are diagnosed accurately, but go untreated. d. tend to go undiagnosed but remit on their own , regardless of the country’s level of develop ment . Answer: B Page: 3 8. A large -scale study (Mokdad, Marks, Stroup, & Gerberding, 2004) demonstrated that many of the leading causes of mortality in the United States are related to a. chronic physical health issues that have been resistant to treatment. b. violence and crime. c. treatable or preventable factors, such as diet, exerc ise, tobacco use, and alcohol. d. motor vehicle accidents . Answer: C Page: 3 9. The Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) is designed to a. illustrate the incomplete and patchwork nature of mental health services that are available across Canada. b. spearhead f undraising and awareness efforts to promote the need for mental health services among Canadians. c. explicitly distinguish between provincial and federal responsibilities for health care. d. encourage collaboration between those who provide and require services for mental health (such as government, service providers, and clients). Answer: D Page: 4 10. The nature and definition of clinical psychology has expanded and evolved over the decades from a n initial primary focus on assessment, evaluatio n, and diagnosis to now include: a. a primary focus to help those with mental disorders or distress . b. a branch of psychology that emphasizes assessment over research. c. a focus on the individual rather than on the group. Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. d. intervention and prevention services for individuals, coupl es, and families. . Answer: D Page 5 11. One of the criticisms levelled at a science -based approach to clinical psychology is that a. it discounts an individual psychologist’s experience and intuition clinical psychology is best conceptualized as a healing art . b. drawing similarities across various groups of human experiences is a valuable tool for therapy. c. research covers so many human problems confronted by clinicians that it is cumbersome to select the appropriate treatment. Answer: A Page: 7 12. Evidence -based practice refers to the practitioner only offering services that: a. have been demonstrated in a series of RCTs to be efficacious. b. are listed in clinical practice guidelines. c. are in areas in which the clinician has received training and demonstrated competence . d. are based on the synthesis of research evidence, client’s history and treatment preferences, and the clinician’s experience. Answer: D Page: 7 13. Compare d to counselling psychologists, c linical psychologists have more training in the treatment of a. patients with more severe psychopathology . b. a diverse clientele . c. difficulties related to developmental transitions . d. interpersonal problems . Answer: A Page: 8 14. Traditio nal distinctions between clinical and counselling psychologists are currently a. shrinking . b. increasin g. c. the same as they have always been. d. a topic of intense debate. Answer: A Page: 8 15. Over recent years, many clinical psychologists have a. narrowed their focus to treating mental disorders rather than interpersonal problems . b. begun to take on more of the role s of a psychiatrist . c. begun to address health issues . d. been granted prescriptive authority . Answer: C Page: 8 16. School psycholo gy has expanded in order to Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. a. address students’ mental health and life circumstances more broadly . b. broaden the scope of psychological and intelligence testing in schools . c. provide parent counselling and training programs . d. all of the above Answer: A Page: 10 17. Psychiatrists complete a. all of the same medical training that other physicians receive . b. a different type of basic training than o ther physicians . c. clinical training that is comparable to that of clinical psychologists, in addition to their c medical training. d. research and clinical training that is comparable to that of clinical psychologists , in addition to their basic medical train ing. Answer: A Page: 10 18. Psychiatrists are better trained than psychologists to a. identify l interactions between physical health problems and mental health problems . b. understand human psychological development . c. understand cognition and learning . d. Identify interactions between mental health problems and environmental influences . Answer: A Page: 10 19. Psychiatrists generally receive a. the same a mount of training in research as do clinical psychologists . b. far less training in research than do clinical psychologists. c. more training in research than do clinical psychologists . d. a different type of research training than do clinical psychologists . Answer: B Page: 10 20. Psychiatrists currently receive training in a. diagnosis and pharmacotherapy . b. diagnosis and psychotherapy . c. diagnosis, psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy . d. pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy . Answer: C Page: 11 21. A key difference between psychologists and psychiatrists is that a. only psychiatrists can prescribe medic ation . b. only psychologists can prescribe medication . c. in most jurisdictions , only psychiatrists can prescribe medication. d. only psychologists practice psychotherapy whereas psychiatrists prescribe medic ation. Answer: C Page: 11 Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 22. ________ was the primary developer of cognitive therapy for depression . a. Carl Roger s b. Alfred Adler c. Aaron Beck d. Cesare Lombroso Answer: C Page: 11 23. Worldwide, the number of medical students specializing in psychiatry has: a. decreased and is insufficient to meet the demand for psychiatrists . b. decreased over the decades but sufficiently meets t he demand for psychiatrists . c. increased dramatically in Canada but not in the United States . d. increased decades but sufficiently meets the demand for psychiatrists . Answer: A Page: 11 24. Which of the following is true regarding clinical social workers ? a. Many f unction as case managers who help patients coordinate their services . b. Many have prescription privileges . c. They are not trained to provide psychotherapy . d. They receive extensive training in psychological assessment . Answer: A Page: 11 25. Which early Greek sch olar is credited with emphasizing the biopsychosocial approach to understanding physical and psychological disorders? a. Hippocrates b. Plato c. Aristotle d. Hippocleides Answer: A Page: 14 26. Hippocrates emphasized which approach to understand psychological and physica l disorders? a. The metaphysical approach b. The philosophical approach c. The biopsychosocial approach d. The magical -meditative approach Answer: C Page: 14 27. During the period of the Enlightenment in Europe and North America , a. a new world view emerged where mental h ealth problems could be approached with religious and spiritual healin g. b. the supernatural view of mental phenomena burgeoned . c. a new world view emerged where mental health problems could be approached with reason and science . d. the treatment of those sufferin g from mental illness continued to be as inhumane as in the 1500s. Answer: C Page: 14 Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 28. As a result of the Enlightenment in Europe and North America, a. Philippe Pinel demanded humane treatment of asylum patients . b. William Tuke advocated for the development o f mental hospitals . c. Benjamin Rush promoted the use of moral therapy . d. All of the above Answer: D Page: 14 29. In the latter half of the 1700s, ________ had a large impact on the treatment of the mentally ill . a. the philosophical period of the enlightenment b. symptom -focused forms of psychotherapy c. religious and spiritual leaders d. the law and reform movement s Answer: A Page: 14 30. Increased attention to mental disorders in the 1800s led to the recognition that hysteria a. was not explainable by purely biolog ical caus es. b. could be effectively treated with traditional medicine . c. was entirely explainable by mental causes . d. could be treated with cognitive -behaviour therapy . Answer: A Page: 16 31. Until the middle part o f the 20th century, the activities of clinical psychologis ts were mainly focused around a. intervention to alleviate mental disorders . b. the mistreatment of the mentally ill . c. assessment . d. collaboration with physicians . Answer: C Page: 16 32. This scholar advocated psychology as the study of human experience, and establis hed the first psychology laboratory . a. Wilhelm Wundt b. William James c. Francis Galton d. James McKeen Cattell Answer: A Page: 16 33. Curren t mental disorder classification systems have their origins in the work of a. Emil Kraepelin . b. David Wechsler . c. Wilhelm Wundt . d. Alfred Binet . Answer: A Page: 16 Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 34. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon designed tests of mental ability mainly in order t o a. identify gifted children targeted by for advanced learning . b. classify inmates for remediation programs . c. identify children in need of special ed ucation programs . d. classify soldiers for different jobs in the military . Answer: C Page: 16 35. Binet and Simon gathered norm ative data on children to establish a. probability of future criminal behaviour . b. information on their cognitive abilities . c. norms in soci al skills and aggression . d. differences in personality characteristics between adults and children . Answer: B Page: 16 36. The Army Beta test was developed to asses s the _________________ of American army recruits in the First World War . a. verbal mental abilitie s b. nonverbal mental abilities c. ability to resist ‘shell -shock’ d. leadership capacity Answer: B Page: 17 37. Psychology’ s role in test construction and measurement in the United States was solidified by psycholog ists’s role in a. developing tests for the American mi litary . b. developing intelligence tests for children . c. developing assessments of personality . d. research on assessment for specific mental disorders . Answer: A Page: 17 38. Projective tests require respondents to a. rate themselves on various dimensions of personali ty. b. complete a number of tasks measuring speed, number, and digit span . c. respond to ambiguous stimuli . d. make predictions about their future plans . Answer: C Page: 17 39. Paul Meehl’ s review of the strengths and weaknesses of clinical and stat istically -based assessment for diagnosing adults concluded that a. purely clinical approaches to testing hypotheses were typically superior to purely statistical approaches . b. purely clinical approaches to testing hypotheses were typically inferior to purely statistical approach es. c. a clinical approach to hypothesis generation and a statistical approach to hypothesis testing yields the most accurate results . Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. d. a statistical approach to hypothesis generation and a clinical approach to hypothesis testing yields the most accurate resul ts. Answer: C Page: 18 40. What is considered the “gold standard” in the assessment of intellectual abilities? a. The MMPI b. The DSM -III c. The Army Beta test d. The Wechsler scales Answer: D Page: 17 41. The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a. an intelligence test . b. a retroactive test . c. a projective test . d. a hypnosis test . Answer: C Page: 17 42. The development of projective tests proceeded a. similar ly to that of ability testing , with close attention to basic principles of test construction . b. differently from that of ability testing, with minimal attention to basic principles of test construction . c. similarly to that of ability testing, with minimal attention to basic principles of test construction . d. differently from that of ability testing, with close attention to basic princi ples of test construction . Answer: B Page: 18 43. Compare d to the MMPI , projective tests a. rely mostly on clinical judgement . b. rely mostly on statistical norms . c. are a much more recent assessment tool . d. are generally more accurate in predicting antisocial behavio ur. Answer: A Page: 18 44. Projective tests rely on _______ while the MMPI relies on __________ a. clinical judg ement; clinical judgement and statistical analysis . b. clinical judgement and statistical analysis; clinical judgement. c. the judgement of psychiatrists; the judgement of psychologists . d. the judgement of psychologists; the judgement of psychiatrists . Answer: A Page: 18 45. The m ain goal of developing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was to provide an easily administered test to screen for a. psycho logical disturbances. Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. b. deviant personality. c. avoidant personality. d. personality changes. Answer: A Page: 18 46. Walter Mischel’s publication in 1968 proposed that it was problematic to rely too heavily on a. personality traits to understand human behaviour . b. behavi oural observations to understan d human behaviour . c. psychodynamic theories to understand human behaviour . d. psychological testing to understand human behaviour . Answer: A Page: 18 47. Which psychologist’ s critique of personality traits for understanding human be haviour impacted the popularity of be havioural approaches to clinical assessment? a. Skinner b. Murray c. Mischel d. Freud Answer: C Page: 18-19 48. Most psychologists agree that assessment data should be obtained a. from multiple methods and informants . b. mainly from the cl ient. c. mainly from expert assessment . d. mainly from psychological testing . Answer: A Page: 20 49. Service evaluation refers to the evaluation of a. the utility of various assessment tools . b. assessment tools to ensure that they are valid and reliable . c. the effectiven ess of clinical services . d. psychologists’ abilities . Answer: C Page: 20 50. Anna Freud , daughter of Sigmund Freud, extended her father’s work by a. highlighting the roles of birth order and social comparison on a person’s development . b. recognizing the role of conscious efforts to adjust to life difficulties and obstacles . c. extending the role of unconscious forces in a person’s development . d. questioning the role of dreams in a person’s development . Answer: B Page: 22 51. Who was the first person to be credited for usi ng the term “clinical psychology?” a. Sigmund Freud Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. b. Hans Eysenck c. Lightner Witmer d. Wilhelm Wundt Answer: C Page: 22 52. The experiment with little Albert and the furry white animals showed a. that conditioning principles could explain the development of phobias . b. that conditioning principles could explain the development of obsessions . c. that psychodynamic principles could be demonstrated in the lab . d. that psychodynamic principles had a large influence on learning . Answer: A Page: 22 53. In the 1940s and 50s , the demand fo r psychological services increased dramatically primarily because of the a. increase in homeless individuals . b. need for mental health services for those affected by the war. c. lack of work . d. destigmatization of mental illness . Answer: B Page: 22 54. Carl R ogers’ approach to psychotherapy differed from Freud’s in that a. it was more negative in its assumptions of human nature . b. it was more positive in its assumptions of human nature . c. it proposed that we could never really understand human nature . d. it was the first to take a multi -disciplinary approach . Answer: B Page: 22 55. The primary goal of Carl Rogers ’ style of therapy was to provide a a. warm and supportive environment to explore the unconscious . b. demanding and challenging environment to explore the unconscious . c. warm and s upportive environment to discover potential for growth . d. demanding and challengi ng environment to discover potential for growth. Answer: C Page: 22 56. In 1952 , Hans Eysenck ’s review of the effectiveness of psychotherapy concluded that a. psychotherapy was very effective for reducing symptoms comp ared to receiving no therapy . b. psychotherapy was no more effective for reducing symptoms compared to receiving no therapy . c. assessment as it existed in the 1950’s was not effective for advising treatment . d. psychotherapy som etimes had deleterious effects on individuals . Answer: B Page: 23 57. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a marked ______ in the number of psychotherapies available, and an_______ in research concerning psychotherapy . a. decrease; decrease Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. b. decrease; increase c. increase; increase d. increase; decrease Answer: C Page: 23 58. In the late 1970s , Don Meichenbaum and Aaron Beck published texts that laid the foundation for current a. behaviour therap ies. b. cognitive -behaviour therap ies. c. client-centered therap ies. d. psychodynamic ther apies . Answer: B Page: 23 59. The m eta-analys is by Smith, Glass , and Miller of the efficacy of psychotherapies for adult and child problems have found that the average person receiving therapy is better off than approximately ____ of people with similar prob lems who did not receive therapy . a. 20% b. 40% c. 80% d. 100% Answer: C Page: 23 60. The history of ______ efforts is much shorter than the history of ______or ______ . a. prevention; assessment, intervention b. assessment; prevention, intervention c. intervention; consultation , prevention d. assessment; consultation, intervention Answer: A Page: 25 61. The A merican Psychological Association ’s Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures was established because a. there was pressure in the United States for healt h care practices to be demonstrably effective and cost -effective. b. there was a decrease in the number of individuals seeking psychotherapy as a treatment modality. c. there was a need to develop new treatments that were more effective for alleviating symptoms of mental disorders. d. there was a need for other health care practitioners to appreciate the effectiveness of psychological treatments. Answer: A Page: 24 62. In the coming years, it is likely that clinical psychology will be influenced by a. requirements to pro vide psychological services for diverse general and physical health problems. b. requirements to provide health care to an aging population. Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. c. requirements for assessments, treatments, and prevention programs to be appropriate for a diversity of individuals . d. all of the above . Answer: D Page: 25 63. Effectivenes s studies are conducted to examine whether a particular psychological treatment works a. in research settings . b. in real-world conditions . c. for both adults and children . d. for a particular mental disorder . Answer: B Page: 24 64. The term that refers to a group of symptoms that frequently co-occur is a(n) a. disorder b. syndrome c. illness d. cluster Answer: B Page: 16 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the evidence -based practice model. Describe two arguments that question this model. Suggested answer: Pages 7 & 8 Definition : The evidence -based practice model requires the clinician to synthesize information drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, the clinician’s experience, and the patien t’s preferences when considering health care options Arguments against: a) It is too difficult to determine whether research on groups of individuals is applicable to any specific individual b) Research lags behind the needs of clinicians to provide therapy to d istressed individuals c) There is no research concerning many human problems confronted by clinicians d) Each individual’s unique constellation of life experience, culture, and societal context makes it unlikely that general psychological principles can ever pro vide much useful guidance in alleviating emotional distress or interpersonal conflict. 2. Why was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) developed ? Suggested answer: Page 18 a) Developed by Starke Hathaway in 1943 b) The goal was the provide an eas ily administered test that could effectively screen for psychological disturbances among adults Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 3. Describe the biopsychosocial approach. Suggested answer: Page 14 a) In order to understand mental and physical disorders, biological, psychological, and social in fluences on health and illness must be considered 4. Define the term syndrome . Suggested answer: Page 16 a) Syndrome – a group of mental disorder symptoms that frequently co -occur. 5. Who was Emil Kraepelin? Suggested answer: Page 16 a) A German psychiatrist who bel ieved mental disorders could be explained through biological factors. b) He devoted his career to studying and classifying mental disorders in the hope that his work would results in a scientifically based classification system that would serve to inform tre atment c) He examined how symptoms covaried d) He coined the term “syndromes” e) His classification system was built around identifying how these syndromes related to and differed from each other f) His classification system of what is now known as schizophrenia was one of his major accomplishments g) The DSM -IV and ICD have their origins in Kraeplin’s work 6. Who was Alfred Binet? Describe one of his major contributions. Suggested answer: Page 16 a) A French psychologist who co -developed the first widely available, scientif ically based test of human intelligence. b) It was called the Stanford -Binet Intelligence test and was designed to be administered to children. c) They designed the intelligence test to measure the abilities of school children, in an effort to identify childr en with limited cognitive abilities who were unlikely to benefit from typical teaching methods 7. What was the primary conclusion of Paul Meehl’s (1954) review of both clinically and statistically based assessments? Suggested answer : Page 18 a) that a purely clinical approach to assessment was inferior to a more statistically or empirically oriented approach to describing and diagnosing. b) Meehl advocated strongly for the use of clinical experience in generating hypotheses about human functioning. However, he stat ed that, once these hypotheses are formulated, scientific methods must be used to test the viability of these hypotheses. 8. Describe one broad development in psychological assessment that has occurred in the past three decades. Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Suggested answer: Page 20-21 a) increased attention to the relevance of assessment data and the assessment process to both treatment planning and evaluation. b) Agreement among different theoretical orientations that assessment data should be obtained from multiple methods, and multiple informants c) Recognition that best practices in assessment should be based on assessment methods and measures that have solid scientific support 9. What does the term “clinical utility” mean ? Suggested answer: Page 20 a) Whether having access to assessment data a ctually provides information that leads to a clinical outcome that is better (or faster, or less expensive) than what the outcome would be if the psy chologist did not have access to assessment data 10. In the early decades of the 1900s what was the primary was approach to psychotherapy that was offered? Describe the basic assumption of this approach. Suggested answer: Page 21 a) Psychodynamic treatment or psychotherapy. b) All psychodynamic approaches were based on the assumption that most psychopathology stemmed from unconscious processes c) Freud posited that, to protect ourselves from the pain of continually re -experiencing negative emotions and memories, and irrational desires located in the unconscious, we use a number of strategies called defence mechanisms (i.e ., denial, repression) d) Later psychodynamic theorists placed less importance on the role of the unconscious 11. Who was Carl Rogers? Describe one of his major contributions. Suggested answer: Page s 22 a) A humanistic psychologist and therapist who believed people were inherently good and capable of positive and healthy growth. b) He published the book Counselling and Psychotherapy in 1942 c) His approach was in contrast to the dominant psychoanalytic approach, and he believed that people were inherently capable of deve loping in a positive, healthy manner d) His idea of psychotherapy was that it served to provide a supportive environment in which clients could reconnect with their emotions, their losses, and their aspirations, and thereby discover their true potential for g rowth e) Rogers’ work was crucial in the development of humanistic approaches to psychotherapy f) He was a strong advocate of conducting research on the process and outcome of psychotherapy (which was a very different position from that typical at the time – what frequently passed as psychotherapy research was little more than case studies). 12. What were the two effects that Hans Eysenck’s (1952) critique of the effectiveness of psychotherapy had on the field of psychology? Suggested answer: Page 23 Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology Copyright 20 18 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. a) It confirmed (a nd reaffirmed) the dissatisfaction that some psychologists had with the psychodynamic approach b) It led to a major increase in efforts to evaluate both new and traditional forms of psychotherapy Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 1 Chapter 2 Contemporary Clinical Psychology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Hunsley, Ronson & Cohen’s (2013) survey of Canadian psychologists revealed that the largest percentage of professional time was spent on: a. assessment activities . b. research . c. training . d. intervention . Answer: D Page: 28 2. Surveys of clinical psychologists in Canada by Hunsley, Ronson and Cohen (2013) and in the USA by Norcross and Karpiak (2012) revealed that: a. the majority of psychologists specialize in one major professional activity . b. almos t half of them report devoting time to research, but it is a small proportion of their professional time . c. the majority of clinical psychologists spend at least part of their work week teaching . d. clinical supervision is undervalued by clinical psychologists . Answer: B Page: 28 3. Survey data from Norcross and Karpiak (2012) and Hunsley, Ronson and Cohen (2013) indicate that a. most clinical psychologists offer psychotherapy, and devote over 80% of their professional time to this activity. b. the majority of clinical psychologists offer psychotherapy, and devote over 40% of their professional time to this activity. c. approximately half of clinical psychologists do not offer psychotherapy, instead electing to focus upon research, teaching, and/or consultation. d. the majorit y of clinical psychologists who do offer psychotherapy are only able to devote approximately 20% of their time to this activity. Answer: B Page: 28-29 4. The assessment activities of clinical psychologists most commonly involve evaluating a. the psychological functioning of an individual or a relationship . b. the cognitive functioning of an individual . c. the negative or antisocial inclinations of an individual . d. the psychological functioning of youth both at school and in the community . Answer: A Page : 30 5. The prim ary goal shared by all assessments conducted by clinical psychologists is in a. establishing whether behaviour or symptoms meet criteria for a disorder. Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 2 b. ascertain ing eligibility for a particular service. c. determining suitability for a particular form of psycho therapy. d. understanding a person’s current level of psychosocial functioning . Answer: D Page 31 6. Canadian clinical psychologists most frequently provide a. individual therapy. b. marital/couples therapy . c. therapy to children and adolescents . d. group therapy. Answer : A Page : 32 7. Arguments in favour of psychologists having prescription privileges include: a. Underserved segments of the population such as those in rural areas and the elderly could benefit from extension of prescription privileges to psychologists . b. Most p sychoactive medications are prescribed by general practitioners whose training in mental health is limited to a few weeks . c. Given brain -behaviour links, a biological approach to the treatment of psychological disorders is not incompatible with psychological training . d. All of the above . Answer: D Page: 3 3 8. Arguments against psychologists’ having prescription privilege s state that : a. extending psychologists’ training to include psychopharmacology would most likely come at the expense of the quality of training i n psychological issues. b. full medical training would be necessary to understand the impact of psychoactive medication on other physical systems . c. the population would be better served by increasing the numbers of available psychiatrists, rather than extendi ng prescription privileges to psychologists, . d. although increasing the number of practitioners who can prescribe could decrease healthcare costs, doctoral training in psychology would become too lengthy. Answer: A Page: 3 3 9. The majority of people who recei ve psychotherapy a. attend for fewer than 10 sessions . b. attend for approximately 10 to 20 sessions . c. attend for approximately 20 sessions or more . d. attend for several years. Answer: A Page : 31 10. Surveys of clinical psychologists and graduate students in clinica l psychology indicate that ___________ treatment is currently the most popular treatment technique with clinical psychologists in North America . a. psychodynamic b. cognitive -behavioural c. experiential Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 3 d. interpersonal Answer: B Page : 33-34 11. Prevention efforts are usually based in: a. community settings b. institutional settings c. private clinical psychology practices d. all of the above Answer: A Page : 35 12. Prevention activities are typically designed to a. reduc e risk factors . b. enhanc e protective factors . c. neither of the above . d. both A and B . Answer: D Page : 35 13. Prevention efforts by psychologists are usually based in a. hospitals . b. private clinical practices . c. community settings . d. forensic settings . Answer: C Page : 35 14. Clinical consultation refers to providing information, advice, and recommendations to a. other professionals . b. directly to other psychologists’ clients . c. organizations . d. community agencies . Answer: A Page: 36 15. Organizational consultation refers to services to an organization focused on a. developing promotion program s b. evaluating the efficiency of the organization’s health care or related services c. reviewing and approving the current services set by the organization d. observing without judgment an organization’s practices and services Answer: B Page: 36 16. Providing information , advice, and recommendations to another psychologist or other healthcare professional about how best to assess, understand , or treat a client is referred to as a. informed consent . b. clinical consultation . c. competency of care . d. a clinical assessment package . Answer: B Page : 26 Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 4 17. A needs assessment functions to a. determine the extent of training required for new employee psychologists . b. determine the extent of an unmet health care need in an identified population. c. determine whether programs have successfully achieved their goals . d. to assess the extent to which the program was carried out as intended . Answer: B Page : 36 18. Needs assessment are conducted to determine the a. extent of unmet health care need s in a population . b. extent of unmet health care needs in a person . c. efficiency of a n organization who provides health care services . d. efficiency of specific health care providers . Answer: A Page : 36 19. Which of the following is a component of a program evaluation? a. Examining if an agency’s poli cy is congruent with its mission . b. Examining the scope of unmet health care needs in a population . c. Examining the extent to which the program objectives are met. d. Examining the personality characteristics of program participants . Answer: C Page : 36 20. CPA’s ethical codes require clinical psychol ogists to continue to attend to practice -relevant research ____________ their professional career . a. for the first 5 years of b. for a good portion of c. for all of d. None of the above ; there are no specific guidelines Answer: C Page : 37 21. The first clinical exper ience in which doctoral students in clinical psychology work with patients/clients under the supervision of a licensed psychologist is called a (n) a. practical evaluation . b. internship . c. shadowing and observation . d. practicum . Answer: D Page : 38 22. In most Canadian clinical psychology programs graduate students obtain a. less than 500 hours of practicum experience . b. between 300 and 1,200 hours of practicum experience. c. over 1,400 hours of practicum experience . d. over 4,200 hours of practicum experience Answer: C Page : 39 23. The clinical internship completed by graduate students is completed Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 5 a. after receiving their Ph .D. and prior to licensure. b. after completing all coursework, but before receiving their Ph .D. c. on a part -time basis as the student completes coursework . d. whatever is most appropriate in the student’s area of specialization . Answer: B Page : 39 24. The number of clinical psychologists working in private practice has ________ in the past few decades. a. decreased considerably b. remained constant c. increased considerably d. moderate ly increased Answer : C Page : 39 25. Hunsley et al. (2013) found that in addition to the nearly 28% of Canadian clinical psychol ogists who work exclusively in a private practice setting, another ____ listed private practice as a secondary work setting . a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 65% Answer : C Page : 39 26. Ethical codes of conduct requ ire that clinical psychologists a. maintain knowledge of research relevant to their activities . b. in private practice are exempt from maintaining knowledge of relevant research . c. are not obliged to mai ntain their research knowledge if they work exclusively in clinical services . d. in academic settings maintain responsibility for research knowledge and dissemination . Answer : A Page : 40 27. When no research evidence is ava ilable Lilienfeld, Lynn, and Lohr (2015 ) suggested it requires the clinician to strike a balance between a. excessive open -mindedness and excessive scepticism b. clinical judgement and experience c. patient preference and clinician’s experience d. theories and past experiences Answer: A Page: 41 28. Accordi ng to Sinclair (1993), modern interest in developing ethical codes for research and profess ional services can be traced to a. the Nuremburg war crime trials that occurred after the Second World War . b. psychologists’ involvement in the First World War . c. America’s involvement in the Vietnam War . Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 6 d. lobbying by animal rights groups in the 1960s . Answer: A Page: 41 29. According to the textbook , what is t he most important tenet of professional and research ethical codes ? a. Random assignment . b. Informed consent . c. Using empirica lly validated techniques . d. Responsibility to society. Answer : B Page : 41 30. The current concept of informed consent applies to a. only those who cannot provide consent independently . b. any individual participating in research or obtaining healthcare services . c. individuals specifically participating in research . d. individuals receiving care in hospital settings . Answer: B Page : 41 31. The Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is intended to provide guidance for psychologists a. engaged in the delivery of psychologi cal service s. b. engaged in research and teaching . c. who are licensed . d. in all their professional activities. Answer: D Page : 41 32. Which of the following are the four ethical principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists? a. Responsibility to society , responsible caring, integrity in relationships, and respect for dignity of persons . b. Respect for confidentiality , responsible caring, integrity in relationship s, and dignity of persons . c. Responsible relationships, respect for confidentiality, respect for dignit y of persons, and responsible caring . d. Respect for dignity of persons, respect for confidentiality, integrity in research, and responsible caring . Answer: A Page : 42 33. A meta -analysis by Lee, Lim, Yang, and Lee (2011 ) of studies of psychologists’ work -lives found that those who: a. were less committed to their professional roles worked shorter hours . b. received constructive criticism felt greater sense of accomplishment . c. believed they worked harder than their clients did felt more satisfaction . d. were traumatized by the stories they heard from clients became suicidal . Answer: B Page: 42 Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 7 34. Research on the psychological consequences of working with clients who have experienced trauma indicates: a. that emotional responses are more common in those who are less familiar with this type of work . b. that prolonged exposure to clients’ traumatic experiences results in the psychologist’s sensitization . c. that it leads to an erosion of optimism and belief in a just world . d. that effects are so variable no robust conclusions can be dr awn. Answer: A Page: 42 35. Research on psychologists’ coping has shown that: a. their training inoculates them and reduces their reactivity to stressful life events . b. scheduling breaks helps them deal with stress . c. they over -estimate their own capacity to cope . d. they need to be more self -reliant as they have are unable to seek services themselves . Answer: B Page: 43 36. What is one feature of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists that sets it apart from other codes of ethics for psychologists? a. It provides an absolute model for contending with ethical issues, rather than relying on a decision -making model which may not cover all possible scenarios. b. It weights all of the four ethical principles equally, in order to include all relevant perspectives. c. An explicit model of ethical decision -making is embedded within the Code , rather than relying upon an absolute standard. d. It is more user -friendly for psychologists than for non -psychologists . Answer: C Page: 43 37. The Canadian Code of Ethics functions primarily as a (n) a. absolute standards model . b. prescriptive standards model . c. decision -making model . d. All of the above . Answer : C Page : 43 38. Which of the four ethical principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is given the most weight? a. Responsibility to socie ty. b. Respect for the dignity of persons . c. Responsible caring . d. Integrity in relationships . Answer : B Page : 43 39. Which clinical training model emphasizes clinical skills and competencies as a research consumer (rather than as a research producer)? Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 8 a. The clinica l scientist model. b. The scientist -practitioner model. c. The practitioner -scholar model. d. The scholar -scientist model. Answer: C Page 43 40. In Canada, t he Psy. D. program is offered a. in the majority of universities . b. in provinces that do not require a Ph .D. for li censure . c. in free -standing private professional schools . d. in a small number of universities . Answer: D Page: 44 41. The purpose of a Ph.D. or Psy.D. program having accreditation is to ensure that the training program a. maintains its enrolment to produce enough cl inical psychologists to meet the population’s needs . b. maintains standards that meet the profession’s expectations for the education of clinical psychologists. c. maintains high standards for acceptance of students. d. does not overload students with needless cour ses and excessive clinical training. Answer: B Page: 44 42. The primary benefit of attending an accredited program (as opposed to a un accredited program) in clinical psychology is that: a. students can choose between a Psy. D and a PhD. depending on their long -term career aspiration s. b. licensure is guaranteed after graduation . c. the program has met the standards set out by the Canadian Psychological Association for training in professional psychology . d. funding is guaranteed. Answer: C Page: 45 43. One of the major chal lenges currently facing clinical psychology training programs is a. ensur ing that a sufficient number of students complete their program of study . b. keeping stride with the rapidly expanding field of program evaluation . c. keep ing stride with rapid progress in the field of clinical neuroscience . d. prepar ing students to provide services for an increasingly diverse population . Answer : D Page : 46 44. What is one of the main purposes behind a regulatory body that oversees licensing among healthcare professionals? a. to ensure that healthcare professionals have a resource to turn to. b. to ensure that the public is protected when receiving health care services. c. to provide opportunities for healthcare professionals to network with colleagues . Test Bank to Accompany Lee/Hunsley Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4e Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology Copyright 201 8 © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd . 9 d. to maintain the standards of undergradu ate psychology programs, which will be supplying applicants to accredited graduate programs . Answer: B Page: 47 45. In most European countries, to become a clinical psychologist , licensure requirements stipulate that the candidate a. must have receive d at least a Master’s Degree . b. must have receive d a Ph.D. c. must have receive d a Ph.D. and have complete d at least two years of post-doctoral experience . d. must have practiced for at least 5 years after receiving the graduate degree . Answer : A Page : 47 46. As of 2015, a c andidate for registration in Ontario a. must have receive d at least a Master’s Degree . b. must have receive d a Ph.D. from a program that is accredited by the Canadian Psychological Association or its equivalent c. must have receive d a Ph.D. and have complete d at least two years of post-doctoral experience . d. must have practiced for at least 5 years after receiving the graduate degree . Answer: B Page : 47 47. Graduate training in clinical psychology involves coursework and a. supervised practicum training b. a doctoral dissert ation c. a full -time internship d. all of the above Answer: D Page : 47 48. The Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology: a. is designed to identify candidates suitable for graduate training in psychology . b. is a Canadian exam that is used by accredited prog rams . c. is used in North America by licensing bodies in psychology . d. focuses mainly on assessment, intervention & consultation . Answer: C Page: 48 49. The Mutual Recognition Agreement: a. was signed by the APA and CPA to recognize the equivalence of the accreditat ion processes in the USA and Canada. b. identifies core competencies required for professional practice in psychology in Canadian provinces and the North West Territories . c. will be signed in 201 7 to require that all professional training occur within accredite d (as opposed to unaccredited) programs . d. allows licensed psychologists to use the title ‘Dr’. Answer: B Page: 48