(Test Bank) Pathophysiology

Banasik, 6

Medicine

Test Bank

6th Edition

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Test Bank for Pathophysiology, The downloadable file consists of 155 pages, and the total size of the file is 1.23 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Banasik

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Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology Banasik: Pathophysiology, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3 F, skin rash, dysphagia, and r eddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus , and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is a. a sore throat. b. streptococcal infection. c. genetic susceptibility. d. pharyngitis. ANS: B Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to develo p a disease. Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and is also a clinical manifestation of the disease process. 2. A 17-year-old college -bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment. ANS: A Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals by providing vaccination. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore ef fective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed. 3. An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low -calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment. ANS: B Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as prescribing diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank 4. A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment. ANS: B Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease, such as by prescribing sodium restriction for high blood pressure. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or re ducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed. 5. After suffering a heart attack, a middle -aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol -lowering medication. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment. ANS: C Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol -lowering medication following a heart attack. Primary prevention is prevention of disea se by altering susceptibility or reducing expUosuSre fNor sTusceptibOle individuals. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed. 6. A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the stage. a. prodromal b. latent c. sequela d. convalescence ANS: B Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tis sue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the incubation (latent) period. Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disea se. These are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise, anorexia, and nausea, which are associated with a number of different diseases. Sequela refers to subsequent pathologic condition resulting from a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation. 7. A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. epidemic. b. endemic. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank c. pandemic. d. ethnographic. ANS: B A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that spreads to many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide. 8. In general, with aging, organ size and function a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain the same. d. are unknown. ANS: B In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease. 9. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as a. latent. b. subclinical. c. prodromal. d. convalescence. ANS: B The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and t he fNirUstRapSpIeaNraGnTceBo.f CsigOnMs and symptom s may be called a latent period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation. MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Your patient’s red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that apply. ) a. gender difference. b. situational factors. c. normal variation. d. cultural variation. e. illness. ANS: A, B, C, E Gender, situations (e.g., altitude), normal variations, and illness may all determine red blood cell count. Culture affects how manifestations are perceived (normal versus abnormal). 2. Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply. ) a. genetics. b. environmental toxins. c. overcrowding. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank d. nutrition. e. hygiene. ANS: B, C, D, E Socioeconomic factors influence disease development via exposure to environmental toxins (occupational) and overcrowding, nutrition (over - or undernutrition), and hygiene (e.g., in developing countries). Genetics is not influenced by socioeconomic factors. TRUE/FALSE 1. When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic ANS: T Many diseases are idiopathic in nature. 2. The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. ANS: T The sensitivity of any test refers to the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person with the condition and will not provide a false negative result. In contrast, specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does not have a given condition. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank N R I G B.C M Chapter 02: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors Banasik: Pathophysiology, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except a. tachycardia. b. diaphoresis. c. increased peripheral resistance. d. pupil constriction. ANS: D Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines. Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur because of catecholamine release. 2. Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Epinephrine d. Insulin ANS: D Insulin secretion is impaired during stress to promote energy from increased blood glucose. Norepinephrine is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation. Cortisol is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver to supply the bodUy wSith gNlucTose. EpiOnephrine is secreted du ring stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and increases glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver. 3. Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except a. allostasis. b. resistance. c. alarm. d. exhaustion. ANS: A Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Allostasis may/may not occur in response to stress. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress response as described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome. 4. Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by a. norepinephrine. b. cortisol. c. glucagon. d. ACTH. ANS: A Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank Norepinephrine is secreted in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas. ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland. 5. The effects of excessive cortisol production include a. immune suppression. b. hypoglycemia. c. anorexia. d. inflammatory reactions. ANS: A Cortisol suppresses immune function and inflammation and stimulates appetite. Cortisol leads to hyperglycemia by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver. 6. All the following stress -induced hormones increase blood glucose except a. aldosterone. b. cortisol. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine. ANS: A Aldostero ne results in water and sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. It does not affect blood glucose. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose. Norepi nephrine inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood sugar. Epinephrine increases glucose release from the liver and inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood glucose. 7. Allostasis is best defined as a. steady -state. b. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. c. the process by which the body heals following disease. d. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. ANS: D Allostasis refers to the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. 8. The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is a. energy and repair. b. invoke resting state. c. produce exhaustion. d. set a new baseline steady -state. ANS: A These resources are used for energy and as building blocks, especially the amino acids, for the later growth and repair of the organism. The substances do not produce a resting state. The substances can produce exhaustion if they continue, but that is not the adaptive purpose of these. Although a new baseline steady -state may result from the stress response that is not the adaptive purpose of the substances produced during the alarm stage. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank 9. Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in a. stress reduction. b. permanent damage and death. c. movement into the resistance stage. d. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system. ANS: B If the alarm stage were to persist, the body would soon suffer undue wear and tear and become subject to permanent damage and even death. Actions taken by the individual during the resistance stage lead to stress reduction. The resistance stage may or may not occur following the alarm stage, based on resource availability. The sympathetic nervous system will continue to function, resulting in continued release of stress hormones. 10. The effect of stress on the immune system a. is unknown. b. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. c. most often involves enhancement of the immune system. d. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system. ANS: D Many studies demonstrate that long -term stress impairs the immune system, but many researchers identify that short -term stress may enhance the immune system. MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (Select all that apply. ) a. decreased urinary outpuNt. b. increased blood potassium. c. increased sodium retention. d. increased blood volume. e. decreased blood pressure. ANS: A, C, D Aldosterone increases water and sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the renal distal tubules and collecting ducts, thus leading to decreased urinary output, sodium retention in the body, and increased extracellular fluid volume. Because it leads to potassium excretion, aldosterone leads to decreased blood potassium. 2. Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to ( Select all that apply. ) a. cardiovascular disease. b. depression. c. impaired cognitive function. d. autoimmune disease. e. overactive immune function. ANS: A, B, C, D Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank Excessive cortisol levels promote hypertension, atherosclerosis, and the development of cardiovascular disease. Chronic overactive stress hormones may result in atrophy and death of brain cells. Elevated levels of stress hormones are found in individuals with depressive disorders. Chronic stress leads to immune function impairment, rather than overactive immune function, and has been implicated in autoimmune disorders. 3. Events whic h occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of ( Select all that apply. ) a. catecholamines. b. ACTH. c. glucocorticoids. d. immune cytokines. e. TSH. ANS: A, B, C, D During the alarm stage, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine), ACTH, glucocorticoids, and immune cytokines are secreted. TSH is not secreted during the stress response. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank N R I G B.C M Chapter 03: Cell Structure and Function Banasik: Pathophysiology, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form a. CO 2 and H2O. b. 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate. c. 30 ATP. d. oxygen. ANS: B Glycolysis produces a net gain of two ATP molecules and breaks down glucose modules to produce two pyruvate molecules. Oxidative phosphorylation produces CO 2 and H 2O. Oxidative phosphorylation produces 30 ATP molecules. Oxygen is not produced by glycolysis , but it is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation. 2. The benefit of glycolysis is that this second stage of catabolism supplies a. ATP to meet energy needs of the body. b. pyruvate to the citric acid cycle. c. energy for oxidative phosphorylation. d. lactate during anaerobic conditions. ANS: B The benefit of glycolysis is to supply pyruvate to the citric acid cycle of cellular metabolism, which then produces much ATP. Glycolysis only produces two ATP modules, which is insuf ficient for enerUgy nSeedNs. GTlycolysOis does not supply energy for o xidative phosphorylation. Lactate produced during prolonged anaerobic conditions builds up and can lead to lactic acidosis, which is an undesirable outcome. 3. Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is because of a. activation of the Na+-K+ pump. b. influx of calcium. c. efflux of potassium. d. influx of sodium. ANS: C Repolarization is because of efflux of potassium from the cell. The Na+-K+ pump maintains cellular volume via osmotic pressure and helps to maintain resting membrane potential. Calcium influx prolongs the action potential. Influx of sodium initiates depolarization. 4. Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have a. receptors for neurotransmitters. b. tight junctions. c. ligand -gated channels. d. voltage -gated channels. ANS: D Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank Voltage -gated channels respond to changes in membrane potential and are responsible for conducting action potentials. Receptors for neurotransmitters allow neurotransmitters to bind to the cell membrane but are not directly responsible for action potentials in excitable cells. Tight junctions are intercellular connections that help segregate proteins on the cell membrane and are not involved in conducting action potentials. Ligand -gated channels respond to binding of a signaling molecule such as a neurotransmitter, but are not directly responsible for action potentials in excitable cells. 5. The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by a. extracellular sodium ion concentration. b. the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions. c. activation of voltage -gated sodium channels. d. activity of energy -dependent membrane pumps. ANS: B The major determinant of the resting membrane potential is the difference in potassium ion concentration across the membrane. Extracellular sodium helps maintain cell volume and resting membrane potential, but it is not the primary determinant. Activation of voltage -gated sodium channels help initiate an action potential. Channels are not linked to an energy source; ions flow passively across the cell membrane. 6. An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would a. hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential. b. make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential. c. hypopolarize the resting membrane potential. d. alter the threshold potential. ANS: C An increase in extracellular potassium hypopolarizes the cell (makes it less negative) because more K+ ions stay inside the cell owing to the reduced concentration gradient. Hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential (makes it more negative) is caused by a decrease in extracellular potassium. Hyperpolarization resulting from a decrease in extracellular potassium makes it more difficult to reach threshold and produce a n action potential. The threshold for action potential does not change with a change in extracellular potassium. 7. GTP -binding proteins (G-proteins) function to a. activate receptors on the extracellular surface. b. degrade second -messenger molecules. c. activate intracellular enzyme systems. d. synthesize ATP. ANS: C G-proteins activate specific target enzymes within the cell and these enzymes then produce second -messenger molecules that trigger specific intracellular function. Membrane -bound G-protein channels are a component of the cell membrane; they do not activate other receptors on the extracellular surface. G -proteins do not degrade second messengers, but instead produce these. G -proteins do not synthesize ATP. 8. Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, because they are Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank a. polar. b. charged. c. insoluble. d. amphipathic. ANS: D Phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water -loving) polar end and a hydrophobic (water -fearing) polar end. This amphipathic nature causes the lipids to form bilayers. It is the water -loving and water -fearing nature of the end rather than simply being polar, charged, or insoluble that forms the bilayers. 9. Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called signaling. a. synaptic b. paracrine c. endocrine d. autocrine ANS: C Endocrine signaling is accomplished by specialized endocrine cells that secrete hormones that travel via the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body. Synaptic signaling occurs at speci alized junctions between the nerve cell and its target cell; the neuron secretes a chemical neurotransmitter into a small space between the nerve and target cell. In paracrine signaling, chemicals are secreted into a localized area, and only those cells in the immediate area are affected. Autocrine signaling occurs when cells respond to signaling molecules that they secrete and provides feedback to that cell rather than other cells. 10. Ribosomes are very im portNanUt RorSgaInNelGleTs wBi.thCinOtMhe cell that h ave the function of a. detoxifying substances. b. synthesizing proteins. c. converting energy to forms that can be used. d. coding for protein synthesis. ANS: B Ribosome’s primary function is the synthesis of proteins. Lysosomes and peroxisomes detoxify substances. Mitochondria convert energy to forms that can be used to drive cell reactions. The nucleus contains genomic DNA that codes for protein synthesis. 11. The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction, because it a. increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells. b. inhibits sodium from entering cardiac cells. c. enhances the sodium –potassium pump. d. increases the sodium gradient across the cell membrane. ANS: A Digitalis inhibits the sodium –potassium pump and allows the accumulation of intracellular sodium, decreasing the sodium gradient across the cell membrane. This leads to less efficient calcium removal by the sodium -dependent calcium pump. Increased calcium inside the cardiac cell leads to more forceful cardiac muscle contraction to treat congest ive heart failure caused by cardiac muscle weakness. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank 12. The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the a. mitochondria. b. ribosome. c. lysosome. d. nucleus. ANS: A The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains many enzymes that promote oxidative phosphorylation which produces ATP. Ribosomes synthesize proteins. Lysosomes and peroxisomes detoxify substances. The nucleus contains genomic DNA that codes for protein synthesis. 13. Ion channels open and close in response to all the following except a. mechanical pressure. b. ligand binding. c. voltage changes. d. temperature changes. ANS: D No temperature change channels are present on the cell membrane. Mechanically gated channels respond to mechanical deformation. Ligand -gated channels respond to the binding of a signaling molecule (neurotransmitter or hormone). Voltage -gated channels respond to a change in membrane potential. 14. Gap junctions are connecting channels that allow passage of small molecules from one cell to the next and are especialNly imRpoIrtanGt foBr .C M a. distance signaling. U S N T O b. tissues requiring synchronized function. c. communication within a cell. d. passage of large molecules. ANS: B Gap junctions are especially important in tissues in which synchronized functions are required such as in cardiac muscle contraction. Gap junctions are channels between adjacent cells, not distant cells. Gap junctions function to promote communication not within a cell, but between adjacent cells. Gap junctions allow passage of small molecules, but not large molecules. TRUE/FALSE 1. During conditions of prolonged insufficient oxygen availability (e.g., respiratory or cardiovascular disease) anaerobic glycolysis accumulated pyruvate can lead to lactic acidosis. ANS: T Pyruvate is converted to lactate and released into the blood stream, resulting in lactic acidosis. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank 2. The phase of cellular metabolism in which energy is released during breakdown of nutrient sources is anabolism. ANS: F Catabolism involves energy release via breakdown of nutrient sources such as glucose to provide ATP to the cell. In contrast, anabolism refers to energy -using processes that result in comp lex molecules such as fats. 3. Some individuals inherit a gene that results in dangerously high blood cholesterol caused by impaired endocytosis of low -density lipoproteins (LDLs). ANS: T The defective gene inhibits the synthesis of LDL protein receptors on the cell membrane. This impairs endocytosis of LDL. High levels of LDL in the blood predispose to atherosclerosis. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank N R I G B.C M Chapter 04: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death Banasik: Pathophysiology, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed a. atrophy. b. hypertrophy. c. metaplasia d. inflammation. ANS: B Increased function of an organ such as the heart or skeletal muscle results in organ hypertrophy because of cellular enlargement. Atrophy refers to reduction in size of an organ because of cellular shrinkage. Metaplasia refers to replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. Inflammation results from immune response rather than workload. 2. Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular a. atrophy. b. death. c. proliferation. d. mutation. ANS: B Apoptosis results in death of a cell when it is no longer needed. Atrophy refers to reduction in size of an organ because of cellular shrinkage. Proliferation refers to growth of new cells. Mutation r efers to alteration Uin thSe gNenetTic strucOture of cellular DNA. 3. All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a. necrosis. b. metaplasia. c. atrophy. d. hyperplasia. ANS: A Necrosis refers to death of cells/tissue and is not reversible. Metaplasia refers to the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another from persistent injury and is reversible when the injury stops. Atrophy occurs because of lack of use of an organ and is reversible. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells from increased p hysiologic demands or hormonal stimulation and is reversible. 4. Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces necrosis. a. coagulative b. caseous c. liquefactive d. fat ANS: C Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank N R I G B.C M Liquefactive necrosis is produced when brain tissue dies, as it is rich in enzymes and has little connective tissue. Coagulative necrosis occurs from ischemic injury in any tissue. Caseous necrosis occurs in lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis. Fat necrosis occurs in adipose (fat) tissue. 5. The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is a. hydropic swelling. b. lactate production. c. metaplasia. d. intracellular accumulations. ANS: D Intracellular accumulations result from faulty metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, and proteins. Hydropic swelling results from malfunction of the sodium -potassium pump. Lactate production results from anaerobic glycolytic pathway. Metaplasia occurs from persistent cell injury. 6. Metaplasia is a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. b. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. c. an irreversible cellular adaptation. d. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements. ANS: A Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another secondary to persistent damage. Dysplasia transforms cells to preneoplastic lesions, which may become malignant. Metaplasia is reversible when the damage is stopped. Disorganization of cells into v arious sizes, shapes, anUd arSrangNemTents o ccOurs in dyspl asia. 7. The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is a. anaplasia. b. dysplasia. c. metaplasia. d. hyperplasia. ANS: B Dysplastic cells have the potential to become cancerous and are therefore referred to as preneoplastic. Anaplasia, metaplasia, and hyperplasia are not considered preneoplastic. 8. Somatic death refers to death a. of a body organ. b. of the entire organism. c. of nerve cells. d. secondary to brain damage. ANS: B Somatic death refers to death of an entire organism. Somatic death is not simply death of one body organ. Somatic death involves death of all cells in the body. Brain death refers to death of the brain only, but organ systems can remain living with mechanical assistance. 9. Coagulative necrosis is caused by Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank a. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. b. trauma or pancreatitis. c. lung tissue damage. d. interrupted blood supply. ANS: D Coagulative necrosis results from interrupted blood supply leading to ischemic cell injury. Liquefactive necrosis results from dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. Fat necrosis is caused by trauma or pancreatitis. Caseous necrosis is caused by lung tissue damage such as that caused by tuberculosis. 10. Reperfusion injury to cells a. results in very little cellular damage. b. results from calcium deficiency in cells. c. occurs following nutritional injury. d. involves formation of free radicals. ANS: D Free radicals are formed when high -energy electrons partially reduce oxygen in reperfusion injury. Reperfusion injury usually causes more cell damage than the original hypoxia. It results from calcium overload in the cells. Reperfusion injury results from hypoxic injury, rather than from nutritional injury. 11. Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except a. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. b. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. c. decreased blood vi scosNity. R I G B.C M d. crystallization of cellularUcomSpoNnentTs. O ANS: C Hypothermia causes increased blood viscosity, which can result in ischemic injury. Initial vasoconstriction causes ischemic injury. Rebound vasodilation leads to intense swelling which damages peripheral nerves. Crystallization of cellular components leads to rupture of these components. 12. The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the a. membrane. b. DNA. c. RNA. d. ribosomes. ANS: B Cellular DNA is particularly susceptible to damage from radiation via breakage of the bonds holding the linear DNA together. Cell membranes, RNA, and ribosomes are not the most susceptible to radiation injury. 13. The primary effect of aging on all body systems is a. decreased functional reserve. b. diseased function. c. programmed senescence. d. senility. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank ANS: A All body systems show age -related changes that can be generally described as a decrease in functional reserve; aging leads to inability to adapt to (internal and external) environmental changes. Not all effects of aging are considered disease; some are considered a normal part of aging. Programmed senescence is currently only a theory of aging that states cells have a preprogrammed number of cell divisions before they will die. Senility i s an outdated term used to describe the cognitive changes associated with dementia; dementia is a disease and is not a normal part of aging. 14. Carbon monoxide injures cells by a. destruction of cellular membranes. b. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. c. promotion of free radicals. d. crystallization of cellular organelles. ANS: B Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin preventing the red blood cell from carrying adequate oxygen, leading to hypoxic injury. Other chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride promote free radicals, which injure cells and destroy cellular membranes. Crystallization of cellular organelles is caused by hypothermia. 15. Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is a. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. b. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy. c. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. NURSINGTB.COM d. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health. ANS: C Deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types such as in diabetes mellitus. Most of these essential nutrients must be obtained from external sources, because the cell is unable to manufacture them. Obesity involves an excess of caloric intake. The BMI is a measure for obesity, but does not indicate if a nutritional imbalance is present. MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Bacteria cause injury to cells by (Select all that apply. ) a. producing exotoxins. b. producing endotoxins. c. producing destructive enzymes. d. reproducing inside of host cells altering cellular function. e. evoking an immune reaction. ANS: A, B, C, E Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank Bacteria function in multiple ways to cause cell injury, including producing exotoxins that interfere with cellular function, producing endotoxins that cause fever and circulatory shock when the bacteria are lysed, producing enzymes that digest cellular membranes, or evoking an immune response with release of chemicals (e.g., histamines, kinins, lymphokines) that can injure cells. Bacteria do not reproduce inside host cells. 2. Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they (Select all that apply. ) a. enter the host cell. b. directly produce free radicals. c. use the host’s metabolic processes to survive and replicate. d. do not induce an immune response. e. do not produce toxins. ANS: A, C, E Viruses are able to enter the host cell and use host metabolic processes to survive and replicate. Viruses do not produce toxins. Viruses do not directly produce free radicals, although these can be produced indirectly by the immune response that follows v iral infection. Both viruses and bacteria produce an immune response. 3. Infectious injury often results from (Select all that apply. ) a. exotoxins. b. endotoxins. c. self-destruction of cells. d. anti-inflammatory reactions. e. enzymes from white blood cells. ANS: A, B, C, E NURSINGTB.COM Exotoxins produced by bacteria interfere with cellular functions. Endotoxins are a component of some bacteria; when the bacteria are lyses, endotoxins are released, causing fever and even circulatory shock. Virally infected cells may trigger their own destruction. Enzymes from white blood cells can harm cells in the area of inflammation. Infectious injury promotes inflammation; inflammation can cause more damage than the infe cting agent. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank Chapter 05: Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation Banasik: Pathophysiology, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Approximately what percentage of the human DNA chromosomes code for proteins? a. 1% b. 10% c. 50% d. 80% ANS: A Only about 1.3% of chromosomal DNA codes for proteins. 2. Which tissue type is categorized as epithelial? a. Tendons and ligaments b. Blood cells c. Blood vessel endothelium d. Cartilage ANS: C Epithelial cells line glands, blood vessels, and internal surfaces. Tendons, ligaments, blood cells, and cartilage are connective tissue. 3. An important difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle is that a. cardiac muscle is not striated. b. only skeletal muscle is deNpUenRdSenIt uNpGonTaBc.tinC-OmMyosin cross-bridging. c. calcium does not leave the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells. d. cardiac muscle has calcium channels on the cell surface for calcium entry. ANS: D Only cardiac muscle has calcium channels on the cell surface for calcium entry into the cell. Drugs called calcium channel blockers are used to decrease calcium entry into cardiac cells to reduce contractile force in treating hypertension. CCBs also relax smooth muscle in arterial blood vessels to treat hypertension. Both cardiac and skeletal muscle are striated, and both cardiac depend upon actin -myosin cross -bridging for contraction. Calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. 4. The primary role of genes is to a. code for reproduction. b. direct the synthesis of proteins. c. determine differentiation. d. determine cellular apoptosis. ANS: B Protein synthesis holds a predominant place in understanding how genes direct cell structure and function. Although genes are involved in reproduction, differentiation, and apoptosis indirectly, the primary role of genes in the body is protein synthesis. 5. The differences in structure and function of cells in different body tissues are resulting from Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank a. gene differences in tissue cells. b. expression of tissue -specific genes. c. transcriptional controls. d. translation of amino acids to proteins. ANS: B The expression of genes results in differences among cells, and thus tissue types. All cells in the body contain basically the same genes. Expression of genes is influenced by memory of cells regarding events prior to cell division, not differences in gene structure. As genes in all body cells/tissues are basically the same, transcription and transl ation do not influence cell/tissue differences. 6. Characteristics of smooth muscle include a. being under voluntary control. b. having striations. c. contraction being short -lived. d. being found in blood vessels. ANS: D Smooth muscle is found in blood vessels. It is n ot under voluntary control and is often controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal and cardiac muscle have striations. Contraction can occur indefinitely; it is not short -lived, which is important in maintaining tone of blood vessels and, thus, b lood pressure. MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Characteristics of cellular difNfereRntiaItionGincBlu.dCe whMich of the following? (Select all that apply. ) U S N T O a. Specialization for different functions b. Enhanced ability to replicate c. Influenced by memory of developmental events d. Dependent on cell -to-cell coordination e. Generally not reversible ANS: A, C, D, E The cells of a multicellular organism specialize to perform particular functions in coordination with other cells in the body. Cells have genetic memory; they retain the effects of past influences and pass the memory on to their descendants. Continued interaction with nearby cells provides clues to guide the cell to its appropriate form and location. Once differentiated, a cell generally does not revert to earlier forms. Differentiation results in decreased capacity to replicate. 2. In DNA replication DNA polymerase functions to (Select all that apply. ) a. pry DNA apart. b. unwind and separate the DNA strands. c. prevent tangling of DNA strands as they unwind. d. match appropriate bases to the template base. e. proofread the newly developed DNA for errors in base pairing. ANS: D, E Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank DNA polymerase functions to match appropriate bases to the new template base following unwinding of the DNA strands and proofreads for errors after base pairing is completed. Initiator proteins pry the DNA strands apart. DNA helicases unwind the DNA strands. Topoisomerases keep the strands from becoming tangled. 3. Protein synthesis involves (Select all that apply .) a. direction from mRNA. b. amino acid movement into the nucleus. c. nucleotide triplets. d. RNA polymerase. e. removal of introns from the DNA template. ANS: A, C, D, E Messenger RNA (mRNA) is needed to carry the protein code to the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesized. Three nucleotides are need to code for each amino acid, the building blocks of protein. RNA polymerase directs the separation of the DNA strands and catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA from the DNA template after separ ation of the strands. Introns are removed from the DNA template to make particular proteins. Amino acids are moved from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs. 4. Characteristics of stem cells include that they (Select all that apply. ) a. may differentiate into any type of cell. b. reside only in the bone marrow. c. have greater capacity to proliferate than more differentiated cells. d. are dependent upon environmental cues for proliferation. e. can die in the absence of an appropriate environment. ANS: A, C, D, E NURSINGTB.COM Stem cells are pluripotent —they can differentiate into any type of cell. They can proliferate faster and longer than more differentiated cells if the environment is appropriate and can die if the environment in not appropriate. While most blood -forming stem cells reside in the bone marrow, others can move into tissues and produce cells as needed; for example, epithelial stem cells reside in the deepest layer of the epidermis and proliferate into epithelial cells when needed. 5. Calcium channel blocker drugs are often used to treat conditions associated with ( Select all that apply. ) a. cardiac muscle. b. smooth muscle. c. epithelial tissue. d. nervous tissue. e. connective tissue. ANS: A, B Calcium channel blockers are often used to treat cardiac conditions in an effort to reduce the strength of contraction by stopping calcium influx into the cells. They are also used in smooth muscle of the blood vessels to relax the smooth muscle in the art erial blood vessels to cause vasodilation and reduce blood pressure. They are not useful for conditions involving epithelial, nervous, or connective tissue. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank N R I G B.C M Chapter 06: Genetic and Developmental Disorders Banasik: Pathophysiology, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Characteristics of X-linked (sex-linked) recessive disorders include a. all daughters of affected fathers’ being carriers. b. boys’ and girls’ being equally affected. c. the son of a carrier female’s having a 25% chance of being affected. d. affected fathers’ transmitting the gene to all their sons. ANS: A All daughters of affected fathers are carriers. X -linked (sex -linked) disorders affect primarily males. A carrier female has a 1 in 2 chance of producing an affected son. Affected fathers transmit the defective gene to none of their sons but to all their daughters. 2. A fetus is most vulnerable to environmental teratogens during a. birth. b. conception. c. the first trimester. d. the last trimester. ANS: C Between the third and ninth week of gestation, the embryo is very vulnerable to teratogenesis, with the fourth and fifth week being the time of peak susceptibility. By birth, fetal development is complete and not vulnerable to environmental teratogens. Prior to the third week of gestation, eitheUr exSposNure Tto a teraOtogen generally damages so few cells that the embryo develops normally, or spontaneous abortion occurs because of major cell damage. Fetal insults occurring after the third month are more likely to result in growth retardation or injury to normally formed organs. 3. Results of biochemical tests indicate an infant has phenylketonuria (PKU). The parents ask what PKU means. Correct r esponses would include all the following except PKU a. is an enzyme deficiency resulting in the inability to metabolize phenylalanine. b. is an inborn error of metabolism. c. results from a chromosome abnormality called nondisjunction. d. is transmitted as an autosomal -recessive disorder. ANS: C PKU is not a chromosome abnormality, but instead a single -gene abnormality often referred to as inborn errors of metabolism. The other answer choices are true statements regarding PKU. 4. The parents of a child with PKU are concerned about the risk of transmitting the disorder in future pregnancies. The correct assessment of the risk is a. each child has a 25% chance of being a carrier. b. each child has a 25% chance of being affected. c. since one child is already affected, the next three children will be unaffected. d. one cannot predict the risk for future pregnancies. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank ANS: B As an autosomal -recessive disorder, the mating of two carriers (heterozygous) results in a 1 in 4 chance of producing an affected offspring and a 2 in 4 chance of producing an offspring who carries the disease. The mating of two carriers (heterozygous) results in a 2 in 4 chance of producing an offspring who carries the disease. The mating of two carriers (heterozygous) results in a 1 in 4 chance of producing an affected offspring and a 2 in 4 chance of producing an offspring who carries the disease. One can predict the risk of future pregnancies. 5. Information parents should be given about the consequences of PKU includes a. high dietary phenylalanine may help induce enzyme production. b. PKU is commonly associated with other congenital anomalies. c. failure to avoid phenylalanine results in progressive mental retardation. d. mental retardation is inevitable. ANS: C Failure to avoid phenylalanine results in pro gressive mental retardation. Phenylketonuria (PKU) results from an inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine because of lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Intake of phenylalanine will not help induce enzyme production. This disorder is not necessarily associated with other congenital anomalies. Mental retardation can be prevented or lessened with avoidance of phenylalanine. 6. Children with PKU must avoid phenylalanine in the diet. Phenylalanine is most likely to be a component of a. fat. b. sugar. c. protein. d. carbohydrate. ANS: C NURSINGTB.COM Phenylalanine is an amino acid found in protein. Most fats, sugars, and carbohydrates do not contain phenylalanine. 7. A point mutation a. results from the addition or loss of one or more bases. b. is because of the translocation of a chromosomal segment. c. always produces significant dysfunction. d. involves the substitution of a single base pair. ANS: D A point mutation involves a single base pair substitution. A point mutation does not result from the addition or loss of bases, or from translocation of a chromosomal segment, but rather from a substitution. The inclusion of the abnormal amino acid in the sequence of the protein as a result of a point mutation may or may not be of clinical significance. 8. Males are more likely than females to be affected by disorders. a. X-linked b. autosomal -dominant c. autosomal -recessive Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank d. chromosomal nondisjunction ANS: A Males are more likely than females to be affected by X-linked disorders. Females express the X -linked disease only in the rare instance in which both X chromosomes carry the defective gene. Males, however, do not have the safety margin of two X chromosomes and express the disease if their one and only X chromosome is abnormal. Males and females are equally affected by autosomal -dominant and autosomal -recessive disorders. Chromosomal nondisjunction means that paired homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during either the first or second meiotic division, resulting in germ cells that have an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can occur in both males and females equally. 9. The primary factor associated with the risk of Down syndrome is a. family history of heritable diseases. b. exposure to TORCH syndrome organisms. c. maternal alcohol intake. d. maternal age. ANS: D Advanced maternal age is associated with Down syndrome in the most common form of the disease. A family history of heritable disease is not the primary factor and occurs in only 4% of cases. Exposure to TORCH syndrome organisms is not a risk factor for Down syndrome. Maternal alcohol intake is not a risk factor for Down syndrome. 10. Cystic fibrosis is a single -gene disorder that primarily affects a. brain and heart. b. kidney and adrenals. c. lungs and pancreas. d. liver and intestine. ANS: C NURSINGTB.COM The alteration in chloride transport associated with cystic fibrosis is associated with production of abnormally thick secretions in glandular tissues. The lung bronchioles and pancreatic ducts are primarily affected, often resulting in progressive destruction of these organs. The brain, heart, kidneys, and liver are not the primary organs af fected with cystic fibrosis. 11. Huntington disease is often transferred to offspring before a parent knows of the genetic possibility of this disease, because a. symptoms are so mild that they are not recognized. b. symptoms often do not occur until approximately 40 years of age. c. genetic testing for the disease is not possible. d. the genetic alteration is rarely expressed. ANS: B Signs of mental deterioration and involuntary muscle movements do not appear until approximately age 40. The delayed onset means the parent may transmit the disorder to offspring before he or she knows they have the disorder. Symptoms of Huntington’s disease are not necessarily mild, and are not the reason for delayed identification of t he genetic susceptibility. Genetic testing for the disease is possible. The genetic alteration is expressed if the triplet repeats are greater than 40. Pathophysiology 6th Edition Banasik Test Bank 12. Huntington disease primarily affects the system. a. neurologic b. muscular c. gastrointestinal d. endoc rine ANS: A Huntington disease primarily affects the neurologic system and leads to uncontrolled movement of the extremities. Huntington disease does not primarily affect the muscles, although the altered neural involvement secondarily causes involuntary m ovement of the arms and legs. It also does not affect the gastrointestinal and endocrine systems. 13. The risk period for maternal rubella infection leading to congenital problems begins a. prior to conception. b. during the last trimester. c. at birth. d. all through pregnancy. ANS: A The risk period for maternal rubella infection begins prior to conception and extends to 20 weeks’ gestation, after which the virus rarely crosses the placenta. The virus rarely crosses the placenta after 20 weeks’ gestation. The virus does not cross the placenta at birth and would not cause congenital problems at this point. The risk period for maternal rubella infection begins prior to conception and extends to 20 weeks’ gestation, after which the virus rarely crosses the placenta. NURSINGTB.COM MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Characteristics of Marfan syndrome include that it (Select all that apply. ) a. is a single -gene disorder. b. involves alterations in connective tissue. c. leads to skeletal and joint deformities. d. leads to short stocky build. e. results in dangerous cardiovascular disorders. ANS: A, B, C, E Marfan syndrome is a single -gene disorder that involves alterations in connective tissue and leads to skeletal and joint deformities. The aorta weakens and may rupture and cardiac valves may malfunction. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are typically tall and slender, with long, thin arms and legs, rather than short and stocky.