(Test Bank) Basic Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Heiman, 7

Math & Statistics

Test Bank

7th Edition

• $10.00 $35.00

---

Description

Test Bank for Basic Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, The downloadable file consists of 176 pages, and the total size of the file is 2.43 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Heiman

---

---

Study Note Preview

27 Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Statistics is a shortened version of a. statistical procedures. c. statistical mathematics. b. statistical data. d. statistical proof. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 1 2. Some of the answers we compute from statistical procedures are called a. outcomes. c. data points. b. statistics. d. computations. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 1 3. The word empirical refers to a. organizing and summarizing. b. knowledge gained from theory. c. predictions based on theory. d. knowledge obtained through observation and measurement. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 1 4. Empirical rese arch involves measurement. Such measurement results in numbers or scores. These scores usually are referred to as a. data. c. statistics. b. hypotheses. d. conclusions. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 2 5. A statistics instructor asks the students to rate how well they like math. The instructor will use statistics to a. organize, transform, perform mathematical operations, and otherwise manipulate the students’ ratings. b. design a research study looking at students’ liking of math. c. round the ratings to two decimal places so that they are more easily communicated. d. organize, summarize, communicate, and draw conclusions about the students’ ratings. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 2 6. The study of statistics will require you to a. develop new formulas for statistical procedures. b. learn how to compute and interpret statistical procedures correctly. c. memorize many complicated and unfamiliar formulas. d. learn a relatively unimportant step in conducting research. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 3 28 7. Learning statistics may be most closely compared with a. learning a new language. b. learning how to use a computer. c. learning how to compute complex mathematics. d. learning how to paint a picture. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 3 8. Which of the following is not how you should learn statistics? a. memorize and understand the terminology of statistics b. make flash cards for each of the key terms c. skim the material in the textbook and then try to do the problems d. work the problems at the end of each chapter ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 4 9. While statistical software such as SPSS is a useful tool, you will still need to a. memorize all formulas in the text. b. know when to use each statistic and what the answer means. c. understand the mathematical theory behind every procedure. d. develop outstanding mathematical skills. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 4 10. When working the problems at the end of each chapter, you should a. always look at the answers in the back of the book first. b. never look at the answers in the back of the book. c. use a computer program such as SPSS to check all your answers. d. really try to solve each problem and then look at the answer in the back of the book. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 5 11. The standardized code we use for mathematical operations, the order in which we perform operations, and the answers we obtain are refe rred to as a. transformations. c. statistical notation. b. data. d. rounding. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 5 12. In standard statistical notation, X and Y are used to stand for a. each individual score obtained in a study. b. instructions to multiply or divide in a formula. c. instructions to add or subtract in a formula. d. summary statistics such as sums or means. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 5 13. When two components are placed next to each other, such as XY, it means a. add the two components. b. subtract the second component from the first component. c. multiply the two components. d. divide the second component into the first component. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 5 29 14. When performing mathematical operations, unless otherwise indicated, which operation should you perform first? a. multiplication or division c. addition or subtraction b. squaring or taking the square root d. anything inside of parentheses ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 15. For the formula P + Q, if we let P = 9 and Q = 13, the answer is a. −4.00 c. 1.44 b. 0.69 d. 22.00 ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 16. If X = 8 and Y = 10, then X −Y equals a. 18.00 c. −18.00 b. 2.00 d. −2.00 ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 17. For the formula P/Q, if we let P = 12 and Q = 4, the answer is a. 1/3 c. 3.00 b. 0.33 d. 3/1 ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 18. For the formula PQ, if we let P = 11 and Q = −6, the answer is a. 66.00 c. −66.00 b. 5 d. −1.833 ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 19. For the formula , if we let X = 361, the answer is a. −19.00 c. 180.50 b. 19.00 d. 130,321.00 ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 20. For X = 3.8, Y = 5, and Z = 2.5, find C. a. 30.976 c. 0.48 b. −0.48 d. 0.576 ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6 21. For the formula [5(3) − 3], the answer is a. 0.00 c. 18.00 b. 12.00 d. 45.00 ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 30 22. a. 1/12 c. 0.833 b. 1.58 d. 0.083 ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 23. a. 64.73 c. 41,105.32 b. 5,908.15 d. 59,081.51 ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6 24. Always carry out your calculations so that your final answer after rounding has how many more decimal places than the original scores? a. 0 c. 2 b. 1 d. 3 ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 25. If your final answer should contain two decimal places, then in the intermediate steps you should a. carry at least three decimal places. b. round to the same number of decimal places as your final answer will contain. c. round to the same number of decimal places as the original scores contained. d. round to whole numbers. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 26. An instructor counts how many women and men there are in the class and transforms the numbers into percent. The calculator reads 75.757575% women and 24.242424% men. These final answers should be rounded to a. 75.75% and 24.24% c. 75.7% and 24.2% b. 75.76 % and 24.24% d. 75.758% and 24.242% ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 27. If we perform a square transformation on the numbers 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, we get a. 9, 36, 81, 144, and 225 c. 45.00 b. 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 d. 1.7321, 2.4495, 3.0000, 3.4641, 3.8730 ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 28. If we transform the set of scores 5, 8, 11, and 15 by multiplying by 2 and adding 10, we are using the formula Y = (2) X + 10. The resulting set of scores would be a. 20, 26, 32, and 40 c. 88 b. 30, 36, 42, and 50 d. 70, 100, 130, and 170 ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 31 29. Changing a set of raw scores indicating the number of correct answers on a test into the proportion or percent correct is an example of a. lying with statistics. c. graphing data. b. rounding. d. a transformation. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 30. One reason we transform data is to a. create data that are positive numbers. c. make the data easier to work with. b. create data that are whole numbers. d. eliminate inappropriate data. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 31. A decimal number between 0 and 1 that indicates a fraction of the total is called a a. percentage. c. data point. b. proportion. d. statistical procedure. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 32. If we convert the proportion .097 to a percentage, we get a. 0.097 % c. 9.7% b. 0.97% d. 97% ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 33. If we convert the percentage 45.78% to a proportion, we get a. 0.4578 c. 45.78 b. 4.578 d. 457.8 ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 34. If we convert the percentage 0.05% to a proportion, we get a. 0.50 c. 0.005 b. 0.05 d. 0.0005 ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 35. Of the 63 individuals who participated in a research study, 23 had blue eyes, 37 had brown eyes, and 3 had green eyes. What percentage of the people had brown eyes? a. 0.5873 c. 37 b. 58.73 d. 5.873 ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8 36. For a statistics lab assignment, you must earn 75% of the points to pass an assignment worth 60 points. What score must you obtain to pass it? a. 0.80 c. 40 b. 1.25 d. 45 ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8 37. On the X axis of any graph, as we move to the right, the scores become a. larger positive. c. larger negative. b. smaller negative. d. smaller positive. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 32 38. On the Y axis of any gra ph, as we move up the axis, the scores become a. larger positive. c. larger negative. b. smaller negative. d. smaller positive. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 39. For any graph, whenever there is a large gap between 0 and the lowest score you are plotting, the axis is compressed using a. unequal spacing on the labels. b. // (two diagonal lines). c. a gap on the X axis where it meets the Y axis. d. very small print and equal spacing on the axis. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 40. Each “dot” on a graph is referred to as a(n) a. data point. c. score intersection. b. score. d. axis. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 41. In creating any graph, it is important to make the spacing between the labels identifying the scores on an axis a. reflect the spacing between the actual scores. b. equal in all cases. c. unequal in all cases. d. reflect the p attern you want the scores to show. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 9 42. In any graph, the axes should be labeled in a way that a. enhances or exaggerates the pattern formed. b. minimizes the pattern formed. c. always equally spaces the data points. d. honestly presents the data. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 9 43. If you were to graph the following data, which of the following series of labels would produce a graph that best represents the data? Hours Studied Exam Score 1 70 2 79 3 86 5 98 a. 1, 2, 3, 5 on the X axis; 70, 80, 90, 100 on the Y axis b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 on the X axis; 70, 80, 90, 100 on the Y axis c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 on the X axis; 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 on the Y axis d. 1, 2, 3, 5 on the X axis; 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 on the Y axis ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9 33 COMPLETION 1. The memory device, “Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Salary” is used to help remember the order in which math ematical operations are to be performed in a formula. What do these letters indicate? ANS: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction DIF: Easy REF: p. 6 2. In rounding, if the value in the next place is 3, in what dire ction should you round? ANS: Down DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 3. In rounding, if the value in the next place is 7, in what direction should you round? ANS: Up DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 4. In rounding, if the value in the next place is a 5, in what direction should you round? ANS: Up DIF: Easy REF: p. 7 35 Chapter 2: Statistics and the Research Process MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Behavioral scientists study the laws of nature regarding a. populations and samples. b. the behavior of living organisms. c. sea lions, gorillas, and other nonhuman species. d. the language of statistics. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 13 2. In statistics a population is a. the entire group to which a law of nature applies. b. a subset of a group to which a law of nature applies. c. all the people or subjects in the world. d. an infinite number that cannot be counted. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 14 3. Although researchers discuss the population of individuals, in statistics we talk of the population of a. samples. c. groups. b. universes. d. scores. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 14 4. In statistics a sample is a. the entire group to which a law of nature applies. b. a subset of a group to which a law of nature applies. c. all of the subjects in which we are interested. d. at least half of the subjects in the population. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 14 5. The individuals measured in a sample are called the a. participants. c. population. b. scores. d. observations. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 14 6. The logic behind samples and populations is that a. measuring the population is usually the desirable approach. b. the scores in a sample can be used to estimate the scores we would expect to find if we could measure a population. c. it is much less expensive to measure a sample than to measure an entire population. d. there is no need to measure an entire population because any sample produces the same results. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 14 36 7. A representative sample is one that a. contains every possible score on the dependent variable. b. accurately reflect the characteristics of the population. c. is based on a systematic selection of participants. d. is also known as a biased sample. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 15 8. As a method for creating a sample, random sampling means that a. who gets chosen depends on chance. c. all scores will be random. b. a representative sample always will be created. d. there will be selectivity in our sample. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 15 9. Which of the following is the most accurate statement with regard to random sampling and the representativeness of the sample obtained? a. Random sampling always produces a representative sample. b. Random sampling usually does not produce a representativ e sample. c. Random sampling produces a representative sample about half the time. d. Random sampling should produce a representative sample but does not always do so. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 15 10. When a sample does not represent the population, any evidence obtained from that sample regarding a law of nature is a. possibly representative of the population. c. descriptive. b. used to draw inferences. d. misleading. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 15 11. A statistics class has 50% females and 50% males. A researcher randomly selects a sample that has 80% males and 20% females. Why should the researcher be cautious of making inferences about the entire class based on the sample? a. Because, by luck of the draw, the sample is unrepresentative of the population. b. Because, by luck of the draw, the sample is representative of the population. c. Because, by luck of the draw, the opinions of the females in the sample will not be the same as those of the females in the population. d. Because, by luck of the draw, the sample was too small. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 15 12. Which of the following is a variable? a. the number of students in your statistics class today b. the date and month of the 4th of July c. the height of the players on a basketball team d. your latest test score ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 15 13. Quantitative variables measure _____ and qualitative variables measure _____. a. amount; classification c. amount; quantity b. classification; amount d. quality; classification ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 16 37 14. We study laws of nature by studying the relationship between the __________ that measure the behaviors or events. a. scores c. relationships b. variables d. samples and populations ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 16 15. When a change in the values of one variable is accompanied by a consistent change in the values of another variable, we have what is known as a a. cause -and-effect explanation. c. variable. b. relationship. d. set of scores. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 16 16. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative variable? a. gender b. make of automobile (e.g., Ford, Chevy) you drive c. eye color d. height ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 16 17. Which of the following is an example of a qualitative variable? a. weight c. salary b. IQ d. type of detergent you use ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 16 18. Which of the following statements indicates the existence of a relationship? a. As height increases, there is a tendency for weight to also increase. b. The average score on the statistics test was 77.0. c. My sister made 14 errors on her last psychology test. d. Six of the old oak trees on campus were struck by lightning last year. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 16 19. A relationship can exist a. only when the association between the scores of two variables is perfectly consistent. b. only when two quantitative variables are used. c. only when the association is a simple “the greater X is, the greater Y is.” d. even if the association between the scores of two variables is not perfectly consistent. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 17 38 20. Of the following data sets, which shows a relationship? Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D X Y X Y X Y X Y 1 1 2 2 3 3 10 11 15 16 20 21 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 6 6 5 5 6 1 1 2 2 3 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 1 2 2 3 3 10 21 11 20 15 16 a. Sample A c. Sample C b. Sample B d. Sample D ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 17 21. The extent to which close to one value of Y is consistently associated with one and only one value of X is called a. individual differences. c. the strength of the relationship. b. the tendency to change. d. the error of the scores. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 18 22. When there is no consistent pattern between two variables, there is said to be a. a strong relationship. c. no relationship. b. a weak relationship. d. individual differences. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 18 23. Research is concerned not only with the existence of a relationship, but with the _____ of that relationship. a. individual differences c. errors b. strength d. cause -and-effect ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 18 24. In the question, “for a given score on one variable, what scores occur on the other variable?” What is the “ given ” variable? a. the X variable b. the Y variable c. either variable can be the “given” variable d. neither X nor Y is the “given” variable ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 20 25. A relationship can be described using the general format “scores on the Y variable change as _____ changes in the X variable.” a. a function of c. different b. plotted d. there are no ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 20 39 26. Grea ter vertical spread among the data points on a graph indicate a. a weaker relationship c. the presence of a relationship b. a stronger relationship d. a cause -and-effect relationship ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 21 27. Which of the graphs below shows the strongest relationship between hand eye coordination and sports ability? a. Study A c. Study C b. Study B d. Study D ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 21 28. If I want to summarize the characteristics of my statistics class to my friend, I should use a. an experimental design. c. inferential statistics. b. a correlational design. d. descriptive statistics. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 21 40 29. Which of the following statements is descriptive? a. The average weight of students in the statistics class is 143 pounds. b. The USDA has tested 12% of the corn crop and believes that the total corn crop will be unaffected by last year's drought. c. On the basis of incoming freshmen SAT scores, I think that next year's class will have a GPA of 2.48. d. On the basis of a survey of 15% of the student body, I think that the students, in general, would prefer fewer potato dishes served in the cafeteria. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 21 30. In order to make statements about the population from information obtained from a sample, we must use a. an experimental design. c. inferential statistics. b. a correlational design. d. descriptive statistics. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 22 31. A number that describes a characteristic of a sample of scores is called a a. descriptive score. c. statistic. b. summary score. d. parameter. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 22 32. Which of the following statements is inferential? a. The proportion of students having brown hair is 0.64. b. The students at Transylvania University gave 116 pints of blood in the last blood drive. c. If recycling efforts continue as they have, energy c osts will drop by 16%. d. Professor G. Hi -Man polled his students and found that 74% prefer cumulative exams. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 22 33. A number that describes a characteristic of a population of scores is called a a. descriptive score. c. statistic. b. summary score. d. parameter. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 23 34. Statistics are represented by _____, and parameters are represented by _____. a. numbers; letters c. English letters; Greek letters b. letters; numbers d. Greek letters; English letters ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 23 35. The way a study is laid out is called its a. independent variable. c. design. b. dependent variable. d. parameters. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 23 41 36. If a researcher actively changes or manipulates one variable and then measures the scores on another variable, the researcher is conducting a. a population measurement. c. a correlation. b. an experiment. d. a nonrandom sample. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 23 37. Suppose you are interested in how participants perform under different temperature conditions. You randomly select 30 participants and randomly assign them to work in one of three rooms. The rooms differ only with respect to temperature. You instruct all p articipants to solve the same jigsaw puzzle, and then you measure how long it takes each one to finish. This research is an example of a. a correlational study. c. an experimental study. b. population measurement. d. the use of descriptive statistics. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 23 38. The variable that is systematically changed or manipulated by a researcher in an experiment is called the a. independent variable. c. dependent variable. b. correlational variable. d. extraneous variable. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 23 39. Suppose you are interested in how participants perform under different temperature conditions. You randomly select 30 participants and randomly assign them to work in one of three rooms. The rooms differ only with respect to temperature. You instruct all participants to solve the same jigsaw puzzle, and then you measure how long it takes each one to finish. In this research, temperature serves as the a. condition. c. dependent variable. b. independent variable. d. sample. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 23 40. Technically, behavior -influencing variables that an experimenter cannot change by doing something to participants are called a(n) a. independent variable. c. dependent variable. b. quasi -independent variable. d. quasi -dependent variable. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 41. A specific amount or category of the independent variable that creates the specific situation under which the participants’ scores on some other variable are measured is called a(n) a. independent variable. c. condition. b. dependent variable. d. statistic. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 42. The variable that is measured under each condition as an experiment is being carried out is called the a. independent variable. c. dependent variable. b. correlational variable. d. extraneous variable. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 42 43. The _____ is (are) the overall variable(s) the researcher is investigating, wher eas the _____ is (are) the specific category(ies) under which the participant is tested. a. dependent variable; independent variable b. independent variable; dependent variable c. conditions of an independent variable; independent variable d. independent variable; conditions of an independent variable ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 44. The dependent variable a. measures a behavior. c. is manipulated by the researcher. b. influences a behavior. d. has two or more conditions or levels. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 45. If we categorize participants’ income as “below poverty level” or “above poverty level” and then measure their general level of happiness, income would be considered a(n) a. continuous variable. c. true independent variable. b. dependent variable. d. quasi -independent variable. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 46. Lighting condition, if controlled by the researcher, would be considered a(n) a. continuous variable. c. true independent variable. b. dependent variable. d. quasi -independent variable. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 47. A researcher investigates whether there is a relationship between gender and color discrimination by randomly selecting 50 males and 50 females and asking them to discriminate between colors. The variable measuring accuracy in color discrimination is a a. true independent variable. c. dependent variable. b. quasi -independent variable. d. nominal scale. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 48. A researcher investigates whether there is a relationship between hours of sleep and memory for photographs by having 40 people sleep in the laboratory and waking 20 randomly selected participants after 4 hours of sleep and the others after 8 hours of slee p. After they are awakened, each participant is asked to study 12 photographs and then recall as many details from the photographs as possible. What is the independent variable in this study? a. number of details recalled from photographs b. hours of slee p c. sleeping in the laboratory d. there is no independent variable; the study is correlational ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 49. A researcher investigates whether there is a relationship between participating in athletics and GPA by comparing GPAs from 20 randomly selected athletes with those from 20 randomly selected non-athletes. The variable measuring participation in athletics i s a(n) a. true independent variable. c. dependent variable. b. quasi -independent variable. d. interval scale. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 43 50. A researcher investigates whether there is a relationship between type of background music being listened to and responses to a mood inventory by having 60 randomly selected participants complete the mood inventory, with 20 randomly assigned to each of thr ee rooms. In one room classical music is played in the background, in another hard rock music, and in a third country music. The type of background music variable is a(n) a. true independent variable. c. dependent variable. b. quasi -independent variable. d. interval scale. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 51. A researcher investigated whether a person’s mood influences another person’s mood. The researcher randomly divided the participants into three groups. Participants in the first group interacted with a happy person. Participants in the second group interacted with a sad person. Participants in the third group interacted with an emotionally neutral person. After the interaction, the researcher measured how happy the parti cipants were. What are the conditions of the independent variable in this study? a. happy, sad, neutral b. happiness of the other person c. happiness of the participant d. there are no conditions of an independent variable —this is a correlational study ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 52. Suppose you are interested in how participants perform under different temperature conditions. You randomly select 30 participants and randomly assign them to work in one of three rooms. The rooms differ only with respect to temperature. You instruct all p articipants to solve the same jigsaw puzzle, and then you measure how long it takes each one to finish. The dependent variable in this research is the a. jigsaw puzzle. c. temperature. b. time required to finish the jigsaw puzzle. d. room the participants are in. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 53. Suppose you are interested in how participants perform under different temperature conditions. You randomly select 30 participants and randomly assign them to work in one of three rooms. The rooms differ only with respect to temperature. You instruct all p articipants to solve the same jigsaw puzzle, and then you measure how long it takes each one to finish. In this research, the experimenter is investigating whether a. participants can solve a jigsaw puzzle in different rooms. b. participants can solve a jigsaw puzzle under different temperature conditions. c. the time required to solve a jigsaw puzzle depends on temperature. d. temperature depends on the time required to solve a jigsaw puzzle. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 54. In graphing the results of an experiment, we place the independent variable a. to the left of the independent variable scores. b. to the right of the independent variable scores. c. on the X axis. d. on the Y axis. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 25 44 55. In graphing, which variable is on the vertical axis? a. The X variable c. Conditions of the independent variable b. The Y variable d. The “given” variable ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 25 56. An instructor investigates whether the end of the chapter questions aid test performance by randomly assigning participants to one of two groups. One group completes half the questions, and another completes all the questions. Performance on a test is meas ured. The instructor should ask the question: a. Does completing all the questions produce high test performance? b. Do students prefer to complete half the questions or all the questions? c. Are there consistent changes in the amount of questions answered as a function of test performance? d. Are there consistent changes in test performance as a function of number of questions answered? ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 25 57. Descriptive statistics are always applied to a. true independent variables. c. quasi -independent variables. b. dependent variables. d. conditions. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 26 58. In a(n) _____, the experimenter measures scores on both variables, whereas in a(n) _____, the experimenter manipulates or changes one variable and measures scores on the other. a. correlational study; research design c. correlational study; experiment b. research design; experiment d. experiment; correlational study ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 26 59. Suppose you randomly select 40 participants, measure the length of each one’s index finger, and also administer an IQ test to each. This research is an e xample of a(n) a. correlational study. c. experimental study. b. dependent variable. d. independent variable. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 26 60. A res earcher investigates whether there is a relationship between hours spent watching television and children’s vocabulary by asking 40 randomly selected 11 -year-olds how many hours of television they watch per week and then having them take a vocabulary test. What is the independent variable in this study? a. hours of television watching b. vocabulary scores c. age of the subjects d. there is no independent variable; the study is correlational ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 26 45 61. Suppose you randomly select 40 participants, measure the length of each one’s index finger, and also administer an IQ test to each. The dependent variable in this study is a. the length of the index finger. b. the IQ scores. c. the 40 participants. d. nonexistent —there is no dependent variable; this is a correlational study. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 26 62. In an experiment, the researcher _____, in a correlational study, the researcher _____. a. measures two variables; measures a single variable known as the dependent variable b. measures two variables; measures a single variable known as the independent va riable c. actively tries to make a relationship; observes to see if a relationship exists. d. observes to see if a relationship exists; actively tries to make a relationship ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 27 63. Which of the following studies is best for showing that the first variable causes changes in the second variable? a. A researcher asks people who are entering the grocery store how hungry they are and then asks them how much they spent on food as they leav e the store. b. A researcher assigns participants to sleep various amounts of hours and then observes how cranky they are. c. A researcher asks participants how well they like to think and how many books they have read in the last 6 months. d. A researcher asks participants how many hours per week they listened to Beethoven while growing up and then gives them a math ability tes t. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 27 64. Suppose you randomly select 40 participants, measure the length of each one’ s index finger, and also administer an IQ test to each. In this, you are investigating whether a. there is a relationship between index fingers and IQ. b. there is a relationship between length of index finger and IQ score. c. long index fingers cause su bjects to have high IQ scores. d. IQ depends on length of index finger. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 27 65. Which measurement scale includes a zero, but not a true zero? a. ordinal c. ratio b. interval d. nominal ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 28 66. Which measurement scale indicates how one individual is qualitatively different from another? a. nominal. c. interval. b. ordinal. d. ratio. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 28 46 67. “My son just finished 3rd in the local marathon.” The scale of measurement involved in this statement is a. nominal. c. interval. b. ordinal. d. ratio. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 28 68. “My roommate’s IQ is 95.” The scale of measurement involved in this statement is a. nominal. c. interval. b. ordinal. d. ratio. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 28 69. “Watch for me on the football field. I’ll be wearing number 32.” The scale of measurement involved in this statement is a. nominal. c. interval. b. ordinal. d. ratio. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 28 70. Which of the following orders lists the scales of measurement from the scale that provides the least specific information to the scale that provides the most specific information? a. ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal c. ordinal, nominal, interval, ratio b. ratio, interval, nominal, ordinal d. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 29 71. Which measurement scale has a true zero? a. ordinal c. ratio b. interval d. nominal ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 29 72. A continuous variable _____ (does/does not) allow fractional amounts. A discrete variable _____ (does/does not) allow fractional amounts. a. does; does c. does not; does b. does; does not d. does not; does not ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 29 73. “My daughter is four years old.” The scale of measurement involved in this statement is a. nominal. c. interval. b. ordinal. d. ratio. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 29 74. Income is an example of a(n) a. independent variable. c. continuous variable. b. dependent variable. d. discrete variable. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 29 47 75. What do the design of the study and the scale of measurement have in common? a. They are the aspects of a study to consider when deciding whether to conduct statistical analysis. b. They are the aspects of a study that are known only by the researcher. c. They are the aspects of a study to consider when deciding which descriptive or inferential statistic to use. d. They are the aspects of a study that are known only after the study is completed. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 23 & 29 49 Chapter 3: Frequency Distributions and Percentiles MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In statistical notation f stands for the a. number of times a given score occurs in a sample. b. total quantity numbers in a set of numbers. c. relative frequency of a given score. d. cumulative frequency of a given score. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 37 2. In statistical notation N stands for the a. number of times a given score occurs in a sample. b. total number of scores in a set of data. c. relative frequency of a particular score. d. cumulative frequency of a particular score. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 38 3. For the following data what values should be in the Score column of the frequency distribution table? 8, 8 8, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 a. 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 c. 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 b. 8, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 d. 3, 1, 0, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 38 4. One benefit to using a frequency distribution table or graph is that it makes it easier to a. see the raw scores. b. examine the relationship between scores on two variables. c. see what scores occurred and how often they occurred. d. determine the sample size. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 39 5. What is the N for the following frequency distribution? Score f 15 1 14 2 13 3 12 4 11 5 a. 5 c. 15 b. 10 d. 65 ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 39 50 6. What is the most frequently occurring score in the following frequency distribution? Score f 15 1 14 2 13 3 12 4 11 5 a. 5 c. 15 b. 11 d. 65 ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 39 7. The sum of all the individual frequencies always equals a. N. b. ƒ. c. the total number of all the Ns. d. the sum of all the scores. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 39 8. A graph of a frequency distribution shows the scores on the a. X axis. c. top of the graph. b. Y axis. d. side of the graph. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 39 9. A graph of a frequency distribution shows the frequencies on the a. X axis. c. top of the graph. b. Y axis. d. bottom of the graph. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 39 10. In a simple frequency distribution constructed from the data 9, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, the score “7” would have an f of a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 39 51 11. Using the frequency distribution below, what is the total frequency of the scores 6 and 7? Score f cf 10 5 45 9 10 40 8 13 30 7 10 17 6 5 7 5 1 2 4 1 1 a. 0.33 c. 15 b. 13 d. 17 ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 39 12. In a bar graph constructed from the frequency distribution Score f 14 2 13 5 12 4 11 3 the bar for the score “12” would be _____ units high. a. 5 c. 3 b. 4 d. 2 ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 40 13. When graphing the frequencies of males and females in the class, a _____ graph should be used. a. bar c. polygon b. histogram d. simple ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 40 14. Which graphing techniques are appropriate for interval and ratio data? a. histograms and frequency polygons b. bar graphs and frequency polygons c. bar graphs and histograms d. bar graphs, histograms, and frequency polygons ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 41 15. When graphing the frequencies of response times from an experiment, a _____ graph should be used. a. bar c. polygon b. histogram d. simple ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 41