(Solution Manual) AP® Biology Student Solutions Manual

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STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL Table of Contents – Part 1 i Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Table of Contents – Part 1 1 | The Study of Life ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 1 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 1 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 3 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 5 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life................................ ................................ .............................. 8 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 8 Critica l Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 12 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 16 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 17 3 | Biological Macromolecules ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 22 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 22 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 29 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 35 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 41 4 | Cell Structure ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 50 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 50 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 55 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 60 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 65 5 | Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes ................................ ................................ ..... 72 Review Questi ons ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 72 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 75 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 79 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 84 ii Table of Contents – Part 1 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual 6 | Metabolism ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 87 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 87 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 94 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 100 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 103 7 | Cellular Respiration ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 111 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 111 Critical Thin king Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 116 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 121 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 126 8 | Photosynthesis ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 132 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 132 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 136 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 140 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 145 9 | Cell Communication ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 150 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 150 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 154 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 159 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 162 10 | Cell Reproduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 168 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 168 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 172 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 176 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 182 11 | Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction ................................ ................................ ...................... 186 Table of Contents – Part 1 iii Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 186 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 190 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 194 12 | Mendel's Experiments and Heredity ................................ ................................ ................. 197 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 197 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 202 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 205 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 208 13| Modern Understandings of Inheritance ................................ ................................ ............. 217 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 217 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 219 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 221 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 225 14 | DNA Structure and Function ................................ ................................ .............................. 229 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 229 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 235 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 244 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 251 15 | Genes and Proteins ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 257 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 257 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 262 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 266 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 270 16 | Gene Regulation ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 278 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 278 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 283 iv Table of Contents – Part 1 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 288 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 298 17 | Biotechnology and Genomics ................................ ................................ ............................. 299 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 299 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 305 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 309 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 312 18 | Evolution and Origin of Species ................................ ................................ ......................... 316 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 316 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 321 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 327 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 344 19 | The Evolution of Populations ................................ ................................ ............................. 353 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 353 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 356 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 361 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 369 20 | Evolutionary Relationships of Life on Earth ................................ ................................ ...... 376 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 376 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 382 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 384 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 394 21 | Viruses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 400 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 400 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 406 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 410 Table of Contents – Part 1 v Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 416 22 | Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea ................................ ................................ ................... 421 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 421 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 429 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 437 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 446 23 | Plant Form and Physiology ................................ ................................ ................................ . 455 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 455 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 470 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 480 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 488 24 | The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function ................................ ................................ ...... 497 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 497 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 501 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 506 25 | Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System ................................ ................................ ...... 515 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 515 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 522 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 529 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 538 26 | The Nervous System ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 540 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 540 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 541 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 543 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 553 27 | Sensory Systems ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 563 vi Table of Contents – Part 1 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 563 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 570 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 576 28 | The Endocrine System ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 582 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 582 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 589 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 594 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 603 29 | The Musculoskeletal System ................................ ................................ .............................. 608 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 608 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 613 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 617 30 | The Respiratory System ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 621 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 621 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 625 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 629 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 634 31 | The Circulatory System ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 637 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 637 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 646 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 650 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 654 32 | Osmotic Regulation and Excretion. ................................ ................................ .................... 659 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 659 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 665 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 671 Table of Contents – Part 1 vii Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. 33 | The Immune System ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 686 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 686 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 692 Test Prep for AP® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 698 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 707 34 | Animal Reproduction and Development ................................ ................................ ........... 710 Review Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 710 Critical Thinking Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 718 Test Prep for AP ® Courses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 725 Science Practice Challenge Questions ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 731 1 | The Study of Life 1 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. 1 | THE STUDY OF LIFE REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 What is a suggested and testable explanation for an event called? A Discovery B Hypothesis C Scientific method D Theory Solution The solution is (B). A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an event. 2 Which branch of science is NOT considered a natural science? A Astronomy B Biology C Computer science D Physics 3 What is the name for the formal process through which scientific research is checked for originality, significance, and quality before being accepted into the scientific literature? A Publication B Public speaking C Peer review D Scientific method Solution The sol ution is (C). Peer review is the process in which scientific papers are reviewed by experts in the scientist’s field to ensure that a scientist’s research is original, significant, logical, and thorough. 4 What are (i) two topics that are likely to be studied by biologists and (ii) two areas of scientific study that would fall outside the realm of biology? A (i) diseases affecting humans, pollution affecting species’ habitat; (ii) calculating surface area of rectangular ground, functioning of planetary orbits B (i) calculating surface area of rectangular ground, functioning of planetary orbits; (ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution C (i) plant responses to external stimuli, functioning of planetary orbits; (ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution D (i) plant responses to external stimuli, study of the shape and motion of physical objects; (ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution 2 1 | The Study of Life Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual 5 Which statement is an example of deductive reasoning? A Most swimming animals use fins; therefore, fins are an adaptation to swimming. B Mitochondria are inherited from the mother; therefore, maternally inherited traits are encoded by mitochondrial DNA. C Small animals lose more heat than larger animals. One would not expect to find wild mice in the North and South Poles. D Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the desert. Large leaves increase loss of water by evaporation. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller leaves. Solution The solution is (D). Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the desert. On plants, broad, thin leaves lose more water to evaporation than smaller, thicker leaves. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller leaves. The answer best demonstrates how a general principle or law is used to forecast specific results. 6 Why are viruses NOT considered living? A Viruses are not made of cells. B Viruses do not have genetic material. C Viruses have DNA and RNA. D Viruses are obligate parasites and require a host. 7 The presence of a membrane -enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of what? A Bacteria B Eukaryotic cells C All living organisms D Prokaryotic cells Solution The solution is (B). Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells contain a membrane - bound nucleus. 8 What is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area called? A A community B An ecosystem C A family D A population 9 Which sequence represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most inclusive to the least complex level? A Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism B Organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population 1 | The Study of Life 3 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. C Organism, organ, tissue, organelle, molecule D Organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ Solution The solution is (A). The biosphere is the highest level, which is the most inclusive, and the organism is the lowest level and least inclusive in the given hierarchy. 10 Where in a phylogenetic tree would you expect to find the organism that had evolved most recently? A At the base B At the nodes C At the branch tips D Within the branches 11 What is a characteristic that is NOT present in all living things? A Homeostasis and regulation B Metabolism C Nucleus containing DNA D Reproduction Solution The solution is (C). A nucleus containing DNA is not present in all living organisms. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 12 Is mathematics a natural science? Explain your reasoning. A No, it is not a natural science because it is not used in the study of the natural world. B No, it is not a natural science. Mathematics focuses on understanding mathematical relations and calculations, which is useful in natural sciences but which is distinct. C Yes, it is a natural science. Mathematics deals with verifying the expe rimental data. D Yes, it is a natural science. It uses chemical and physical measurements. 13 Although the scientific method is used by most of the sciences, it can also be applied to everyday situations. A situation is given below. Using the scientific method try to arrange the given steps in the correct order. Situation: 1. If the car doesn’t start the problem might be in the battery. 2. Car doesn’t start. 3. After changing the battery. Car starts working. 4. The car should start after charging the battery or changing the battery. 5. The car doesn’t start because the battery is dead. 4 1 | The Study of Life Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual 6. The car doesn’t start even after charging the battery, the battery must have stopped working. A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 B 2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 C 2, 1, 5, 4, 6, 3 D 2, 1, 5, 6, 3, 4 Solution The solution is (B). 2, 1, 5, 4, 6, 3 is the correct sequence of the situation given. 14 Read questions 1 through 4. Question 1. Is macaroni and cheese tastier than broccoli soup? Question 2. Are hummingbirds attracted to the color red? Question 3. Is the moon made out of green cheese? Question 4. Is plagiarism dishonest? Which questions lend themselves to investigation using scientific methods? In other words, is the hypothesis falsifiable (can be proven false)? A Questions 1 and 2 are subjective and cannot be disproven using scientific methods. Questions 3 and 4 can be tested using scientific methods. B Questions 3 and 4 are subjective and cannot be disproven using scientific methods. Questions 1 and 2 can be tested using scientific methods. C Questions 1 and 3 are subjective and cannot be disproven using scientific methods. Questions 2 and 4 can be tested using scientific methods. D Questions 1 and 4 are subjective and cannot be disproven using scientific methods. Questions 2 and 3 can be tested using scientific methods. 15 Consider the levels of organization of the biological world and place each of these items in order from narrowest level of organization to most encompassing: skin cell, elephant, water molecule, planet Earth, tropical rain forest, hydrogen atom, wolf pack, liver. A Hydrogen atom, water molecule, skin cell, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rain forest, planet Earth B Hydrogen atom, skin cell, water molecule, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rain forest, planet Earth C Hydrogen atom, skin cell, water molecule, live r, wolf pack, elephant, tropical rain forest, planet Earth D Water molecule, hydrogen atom, skin cell, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rain forest, planet Earth 1 | The Study of Life 5 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Solution The solution is (A). The narrowest level of organization to the most -encompassing is: hydrogen atom, water molecule, skin cell, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rainforest, planet Earth. 16 What scientific evidence did Carl Woese use to determine that there should be a separate domain for Archaea? A A sequence of DNA B A sequence of rRNA C A sequence of mRNA D A sequence of tRNA 17 Both astronomy and astrology study the stars. Which one is considered a natural science? Explain your reasoning. A Astrology is a natural science because it indirectly influences human affairs and the natural world. B Astronomy is a natural science because it deals with observations and predictions of events in the sky, which are based on the laws of phys ics. C Astrology is a natural science because it deals with observations and predictions of events in the sky, and influences human affairs and the natural world. D Astrology is a natural science because it deals with the study of asteroids and comets, which is based on the laws of natural sciences. Solution The solution is (B). Astrology does involve observations of celestial bodies, but it is a way to predict human affairs based on astronomical data that do not rely on testable hypotheses. Astronomy is the science of observing, measuring, and predicting events in space based on past observations and the laws of physics. TEST PREP FOR AP® COURSES 18 Which structure is conserved in all living organisms and points to a common origin? A All living organisms have mitochondria that produce energy. B All living organisms store genetic material in DNA/RNA. C All living organisms use the energy from sunlight. D All living organisms have a nucleus. 19 Which statement is the strongest argument in favor of two organisms, A and B, being closely related evolutionarily? A A and B look alike. B A and B live in the same ecosystem. C A and B use the same metabolic pathways. 6 1 | The Study of Life Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual D The DNA sequences of A and B are highly homologous. Solution The solution is (D). All living organisms store genetic material in DNA/RNA so this is one of the strongest ways to probe for similarities. 20 In the phylogenetic tree shown, which organism is most distantly related to organism 2? A Organism 1 B Organism 3 C Organism 4 D Organism 5 21 In the phylogenetic tree shown, which organism is the most recent common ancestor of organisms 1 and 3? A Organism A B Organism B C Organism C D Organism D Solution The solution is (B). Organism B is the recent common ancestor of 1 and 3 because B is the base of 1 and 3. 22 The French scientist Jacques Monod famously said, “Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants.” How is t his statement based on the notion that living organisms share a common ancestor? A E. coli is a eukaryote and shares similarities with most living organisms. B E. coli is a prokaryote. The various metabolic processes and core functions in E. coli share homology with higher organisms. C E. coli contains a nucleus and membrane -bound cell organelles that are shared by all living organisms. 1 | The Study of Life 7 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. D E. coli is a prokaryote and reproduces through binary fission, which is common to most living organisms. 23 Birds have been reclassified as reptiles. What is one line of evidence that has led to this reclassification? A Archeopteryx is the connecting link between birds and reptiles, which shows that birds and reptiles are related. B Birds have scales, so they have the same origin as reptiles. C Birds and reptiles have the same circulatory and excretory systems and both are egg - laying animals. D Birds and reptiles have similar anatomical and morphological features. Solution The solution is (B). Birds have feathers, which are understood to be modified scales, as well as scales on their feet. They show some skeletal similarity, which supports their reclassification as reptiles. 8 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual 2 | THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION OF LIFE REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 What are atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei called? A Ions B Isotopes C Isobars D Neutral atoms Solution The solution is (B). Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons. 2 Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration? A Shells 1 and 2 are full, and shell 3 has nine electrons. B Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, and shell 4 has three electrons. C Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, and shell 4 has one electron. D Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, and no other electrons are present. 3 Which type of bond exemplifies a weak chemical bond? A Covalent bond B Hydrogen bond C Ionic bond D Nonpolar covalent bond Solution The solution is (B). A hydrogen bond forms between hydrogen and an electronegative atom. It is weak because electrons are not shared as they are in a covalent bond nor are they transferred to form opposite, attracting charges, as they are in ionic bonds. Instead, hydrogen has a slight positive charge when covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom, because that atom draws the hydrogen’s electron away from it, causing it to become attracted to nearby electronegative atoms with unpa ired electrons. 4 Which statement is false? A Electrons are unequally shared in polar covalent bonds. B Electrons are equally shared in nonpolar covalent bonds. C Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds based on electrostatic forces. D Ionic bonds are generally stronger than covalent bonds. 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life 9 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. 5 If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have? A 27 B 54 C 100 D 108 Solution The solution is (B). The number of neutrons can be calculated by subtracting the element’s atomic number from its mass number. When you subtract 54 from 108, the number of neutrons is 54. 6 What forms ionic bonds? A Atoms that share electrons equally B Atoms that share electrons unequally C Ions with similar charges D Ions with opposite charges 7 Based on the information in the table, which statement is false? A In NH2 , the nitrogen atom acquires a partial positive charge and the hydrogen atoms acquire a partial negative charge. B In H2O, the hydrogen atoms acquire a partial negative charge, and the oxygen atom acquires a partial positive charge. C In HCl, the hydrogen atom acquires a partial positive charge, and the chlorine atom acquires a partial negative charge. D In LiF, the lithium atom acquires a negative charge, and the fluorine atom acquires a positive charge. Solution The solution is (C). In HCl(aq), the hydrogen atom acquires a partial positive charge, and the chlorine atom acquires a partial negative charge. 8 Which statement is NOT true? 10 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual A Water is polar. B Water can stabilize the temperature of nearby air. C Water is essential for life. D Water is the most abundant molecule in Earth’s atmosphere. 9 Why do hydrogen and oxygen form polar covalent bonds within water molecules? A Hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen, generating a partial negative charge near the hydrogen atoms. B Hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen, generating a partial positive charge near the hydrogen atoms. C Oxygen is more electronegative than hydr ogen, generating a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom. D Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, generating a partial positive charge near the oxygen atom. Solution The solution is (C). The oxygen atom nucleus is more attractive to the electrons of a hydrogen atom than the hydrogen nucleus is to the oxygen’s electrons. Therefore, the hydrogen atom acquires a partial positive charge while the oxygen atom acquires a partial negative charge. 10 What happens to the pH of a solution when acids are added? A The pH of the solution decreases. B The pH of the solution increases. C The pH of the solution increases and then decreases. D The pH of the solution stays the same. 11 Which statement is true? A Acids and bases cannot mix together. B Acids and bases can neutralize each other. C Acids, not bases, can change the pH of a solution. D Acids donate hydroxide ions ( OH− ); bases donate hydrogen ions ( H+ ). Solution The solution is (B). Acids add H+ ions in a solution, while bases add OH− ions to a solution. These ions neutralize each other by forming water molecules. 12 What is water’s property of adhesion? A The force that allows surface water molecules to escape and vaporize B The attraction between water molecules and other molecules C The intermolecular force between water molecules 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life 11 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. D The force that keeps particles dispersed in water 13 In a solution, what kind of molecule binds up excess hydrogen ions? A Acid B Base C Donator D Isotope Solution The solution is (B). Bases bind excess H+ ions in solution, resulting in a neutral solution. For example, the addition of OH− to H+ produces water. 14 What is the maximum number of atoms or molecules a single carbon molecule can bond with? A 4 B 1 C 6 D 2 15 Which statement is true? A Molecules with the formulas CH3CH2OH and C3H6 O2 could be structural isomers. B Molecules must have a single bond to be cis-trans isomers. C To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least three different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon. D To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least four different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon. Solution The solution is (D). To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least four different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon. 16 What is NOT a functional group that can bond with carbon? A Carbonyl B Hydroxyl C Phosphate D Sodium 17 Which functional group is NOT polar? A Carbonyl B Hydroxyl C 12 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Methyl 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life 13 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. D Sulfhydryl Solution The solution is (C). Methyl groups are nonpolar because carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativity. This means the covalent bond between carbon and hydrogen has electrons that are equally shared by the carbon and hydrogen. Therefore, it is a nonpolar molecule. 18 What are enantiomers? A Hydrocarbons consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms B Isomers with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms along a double covalent bond C Molecules that share the same chemical bonds but are mirror images of each other D Molecules with the same chemical formula that differ in the placement of their chemical bonds CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 19 What are the mass number and atomic number of carbon -12 and carbon -13, respectively? A The mass number and atomic numbers of carbon -12 are 12 and 6, while those of carbon -13 are 13 and 6. B The mass number and atomic numbers of carbon -12 are 12 and 6, while those of carbon -13 are 13 and 12. C The mass number and atomic numbers of carbon -12 are 12 and 6, while those of carbon -12 are 13 and 13. D The mass number and atomic numbers of carbon -12 are 12 and 12, while those of carbon -13 are 13 and 12. Solution The solution is (A). The mass number and atomic number of carbon -12 are 12 and 6, while those of carbon -13 are 13 and 6. Use the figure to determine the mass and atomic numbers. 20 Why are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions necessary for cells? 14 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual A Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions form weak associations between molecules, providing the necessary shape and structure for DNA and proteins to function in the body. B Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions form strong associations between molecules, providing the necessary shape and structure for DNA and proteins to function in the body. C Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions form weak associations between different molecules, providing the necessary shape and structure for acids to function in the body. D Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions form strong associations between the same molecules, providing the necessary shape and structure for acids to function in the body. 21 Using the figure, which two groups will form a strong ionic bond? A Group 1 and Group 17 B Group 1 and Group 14 C Group 14 and Group 18 D Group 1 and Group 18 Solution The solution is (A). Group 1 and Group 17 will form a strong ionic bond. Group 1 has one valence electron, so to obtain a stable configuration, it will donate the electron readily. Group 17 has 7 electrons in its valence shell. In order to obtain a stable configuration, it will accept one electron readily. 22 Why can some insects walk on wate r? A Insects can walk on water because of its high surface tension. 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life 15 Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual Copyright 2018, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for student use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. B Insects can walk on water because it is a polar solvent. C Insects can walk on water because they are less dense than water. D Insects can walk on water because they are denser than water. 23 Which statement describes how buffers help prevent drastic swings in pH? A Buffers absorb excess hydrogen and hydroxide ions to prevent increases or decreases in pH. An example is the bicarbonate system in the human body. B Buffers absorb excess hydrogen ions to prevent increases or decreases in pH. An example is the bicarbonate system in the human body. C Buffers absorb excess hydroxide ions to prevent increases or decreases in pH. An example is the bicarbonate system in the human body. D Buffers absorb excess hydrogen and hydroxide ions to prevent increases or decreases in pH. An example is carbonate system in the human body. Solution The solution is (A). Buffers absorb the free hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions produced by chemical reactions. Because they can bond to these ions, they prevent increases or decreases in pH. An example of a buffer system is the bicarbonate system in the hum an body. This system is able to absorb hydrogen and hydroxide ions to prevent changes in pH and keep cells functioning properly. 24 What are three examples of how the characteristics of water are important in maintaining life? A First, the lower density of water as a solid versus a liquid allows ice to float, forming an insulating surface layer for aquatic life. Second, the high specific heat capacity of water insulates aquatic life or bodily fluids from temperature changes. Third, the high heat of vaporizat ion of water allows animals to cool themselves by sweating. B First, the higher density of water as a solid versus a liquid allows ice to float, forming an insulating surface layer for aquatic life. Second, the high specific heat capacity of water insulates aquatic life or bodily fluids from temperature changes. Third, the low heat of vaporization of water allows animals to cool themselves by sweating. C First, the lower density of water as a solid versus a liquid allows ice to float, forming an insulating surface layer for aquatic life. Second, the low specific heat capacity of water insulates aquatic life or bodily fluids from temperature changes. Third, the high heat of vaporization of water allows animals to cool themselves by sweating. D First, the lower density of water as a solid versus a liquid allows ice to float, forming an insulating surface layer for aquatic life. Second, the low specific heat capacity of water insulates aquatic life or bodily fluids from temperature changes. Third, the low heat of vaporization of water allows animals to cool themselves by sweating. 25 What is the pH scale, and how does it relate to living systems? Give an example of how drastic pH changes are prevented in living systems. 16 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life Advanced Placement Biology Student’s Solution Manual A The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where anything below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline. The bicarbonate system in the human body buffers the blood. B The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where anything below 7 is alkaline and above 7 is acidic. The bicarbonate system in the human body buffers the blood. C The pH scale ranges from 0 to 7, where anything below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline. Water in the human body buffers the blood. D pH scale ranges from 0 to 7, where anything below 4 is acidic and above 4 is alkaline. Water in the human body buffers the blood. Solution The solution is (A). The pH scale ranges from zero to 14. Pure water has a pH of seven, which is known as neutral pH. The pH of human cells and blood is maintained at pH seven. Anything below pH seven is acidic and anything above seven is alkaline. Extreme pH is usually considered inhospitable for life. Buffers maintain pH homeostasis. For example, the bicarbonate system in the human body absorbs hydrogen and hydroxide ions to prevent changes in pH. 26 What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life? A Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing it to form long chains. B Carbon can form more than four covalent bonds, allowing it to form long chains. C Carbon can form more than four covalent bonds, but it can only form short chains. D Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds, but it can only form short chains. 27 What property of carboxyl makes carboxyl -containing molecules hydrophilic? Which macromolecules contain carboxyl? A Carboxyl groups release H+, making its parent molecule hydrophilic. It is found in amino acids and fatty acids. B Carboxyl groups absorb H+, making its parent molecule hydrophilic. It is found in phospholipids and triglycerides. C Carboxyl groups release OH− , making its parent molecule hydrophilic. It is found in phospholipids, phosphates, and triglycerides. D Carboxyl groups release OH− , making its parent molecule hydrophilic. It is found in phospholipids and DNA. Solution The solution is (A). The carboxyl group is fo und in amino acids, some amino acid side chains, and the fatty acids that form triglycerides and phospholipids. This carboxyl group ionizes to release hydrogen ions (H+) from the COOH group, resulting in the negatively charged COO– group, which contributes to the hydrophilic nature of whatever molecule it is found on. 28 Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated triglycerides.