(Solution Manual) Computer Modeling Applications for Environmental Engineers

Ahmed, 2

Computer Science & Engineering

Solution Manual

2nd Edition

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Solution Manual for Computer Modeling Applications for Environmental Engineers, The downloadable file consists of 468 pages, and the total size of the file is 1.34 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Ahmed

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1 Solution manual: Computer Modeling Applications for Environmental Engineers By Prof. Dr. CEng. Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid Dr. Mohammed Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid (For Complete File, Download link at the end of this File)(2 Edition)Get all files download link below https://www.mediafire.com/file/bo65l5434 g8l2a3/SM+Computer+Modeling+Applicatio ns+for+Environmental +Engineers,+2e+Moh ammed,+Abdel -Magid.zip/file 6 Table of Contents Page Preface List of Tables List of Figures List of Computer Programs Appendix Contents Chapter 1: Programming Concepts 1.10 Homework Problems Chapter 2: Computer Modeling Applications For Water and Wastewater Properties 2.7 Homework Problems in Water and Wastewater Properties Chapter 3: Computer Modeling Applications for Water Resources, Usage, Groundwater and Water Storage and Distribution 3.9 Homework Problems in Water Resources, Water Storage and Distribution Chapter 4: Computer Modeling Applications for Water Treatment 4.11 Homework Problemsin Water Treatment Chapter 5: Computer Modeling Applications for Wastewater Collection Systemand Treatment Technology and Disposal 5.14 Homework Problemsin Wastewater Collection System, Wastewater Treatment Technology and Disposal7 Chapter 6: Computer Modeling Applications for Solid waste Classification, Quantities, Properties, Collection, Processing, Material Separation and Cost Estimates 6.9 Homework Problems in Solid Waste Chapter 7: Computer Modeling Applications for Air Pollution Control Technology 7.5 Homework Problems in Air Pollution Control Technology Chapter 8: Computer Modeling Applications for Noise Pollution and Abatement 8.6 Homework Problems in Noise Pollution and Abatement Appendixes Authors of First Edition at a Glance8 List of Tables No. Title of table Page 1.1 Differences Between RAM and ROM 1.2 Comparison of Five Different Programming Languages 1.3 Arithmetic Operators in Visual Basic .NET 2.1 Examples of Different Types of Fluids 2.2 Differences between Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation 2.3 Chemicals not in source (raw) water 2.4 Group Matching 3.1 Comparison Between Confined and Unconfined Aquifers 3.2 Examples of Standards Related to Water 3.3 Water Supply Engineering Issues 3.4 Comparison between Groundwater and Surface Water 3.5 Comparison between Elevated Water Storage Tower and Stand Pipe 3.6 Comparison between Pipes and Ducts 3.7 Turbulent, Laminar and Transitional Flow 3.8 Reynolds, Froude and Weber numbers 3.9 Comparison between Compressible and Incompressible Flows 3.10 Comparison between Poiseuille’s law and Darcy-Weisbach equation 4.1 Desalination 4.2 Comparison of Rapid and Slow Sand Filters 5.1 Comparison between Septic Tanks and Imhoff Tanks9 No. Title of table Page 5.2 Ranges of Sulfide Generation 5.3 Suggested Dimensions for Septic Tank Design 6.1 Capital recovery factors for an interest rate of 6.125%10 List of Figures No. Title of figure Page 3.1 Unconfined aquifer 3.2 Photo of a Municipality Water Storage Tank 3.3 Personal Distance Zones 3.4 Example 3.9.2.4 Solution 3.5 Example 3.9.2.5 Solution 4.1 Example 4.11.2.4 Solution 6.1 Waste Management Hierarchy 6.2 Energy flow in a combustor 7.1 Example 7.5.2.13b Solution11 List of Computer Programs No. Title of program Page 2.1 Surface Tension 2.2 Equal Temperatures 2.3 Weight of Liquid 2.4 Viscosity 2.5 Molecular Weights 2.6 Normality and Molarity 2.7 Elemental Percentages 2.8 pH Calculation 2.9 Ion Concentration 3.1 Mid-year Population 3.2 Fire Demand 3.3 Aquifers 3.4 Aquifers II 3.5 Reservoir Capacity 3.6 Pressure Difference in Pipes 3.7 Minor Losses in Pipes 3.8 Pressure Drop in Pipes 4.1 Circular Sedimentation Tank 4.2 Particle Diameter 4.3 Particle Drag Force 4.4 Tank Behavior 4.5 Average Grain Diameter 4.6 Filter Bed Porosity 4.7 Slow Sand Filters 4.8 Amount of Disinfectant 4.9 Removal Efficiency 5.1 Sulfide Generation 5.2 Septic Tank Volume 5.3 Percolation Field 5.4 Percolation Field II 5.5 Design of Septic Tank 5.6 Suspended Solids 5.7 NRC Efficiency 5.8 Trickling Filters 5.9 NRC Influent BOD 5.10 Dewaterability of Sludges 5.11 Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curve 5.12 Wastewater Effluent BOD5 6.1 MSW12 No. Title of program Page 6.2 Moisture Content 6.3 Chemical Formula 6.4 Heat Value 6.5 Heat Value II 6.6 Number of Customers 6.7 Number of Customers II 6.8 Percolation 6.9 Percolation II 6.10 Leachate Collection System 6.11 Leachate Collection System II 6.12 Production of CO 2and CH 4 6.13 Mass of Sludge 6.14 Powerplant Efficiency 6.15 Energy Flow in a Combustor 6.16 Truck Annual Installments 6.17 Rate of Interest 7.1 Gas Pressure 7.2 Gas Volume 7.3 Gas Volume II 7.4 Gas Concentration 7.5 Gas Volume III 7.6 Partial Pressures and Volumes 7.7 Concentration of Pollutants 7.8 Terminal Settling Velocity 7.9 Settling Chamber Length 7.10 Cyclone Cleaner and Particle Size 7.11a Total Filter Area 7.11b Electrostatic Precipitator Area 7.11d Downwind Concentration 7.11e Downwind Concentration II 7.12 Venturi Scrubber Efficiency 7.13 Particle Size Distribution 7.14 Electrostatic precipitator Efficiency 7.15 Catalyst Removal Efficiency 7.16 Effective Stack Height 7.17 Downwind Pollutant Concentration 7.18 Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm 7.19 Water Flow Rate 8.1 Net Sound Pressure Level 8.2 Sound Velocity 8.3 Sound Pressure Level 8.5 Sound Level at a Distance13 Appendix Contents Annex Description Page Appendix A1 Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure References14 Chapter One: Programming Concepts 1.10 Homework Problems in Programming Concepts 1. Solution: A typical personal computer (PC) includes four hardware components (in analogy to the von Neumann model): a processor (central processing unit or CPU which contains both the Control Unit and the ALU), input devices (a keyboard and a mouse), output devices (video display device such as a monitor or a projector, printers and other peripherals), and storage media (memory, hard disks, optical media, flash memory). 2. Solution: See Sections 1.1 and 1.2 of Chapter 1 of the book. 3. Solution: Earlier on, microcomputers were small in terms of processing power, memory and disk space. They used to store information in RAM, magnetic tapes and floppy disks. Today, hard disk drivers, flash memory sticks and CD-ROMs are being used as well.15 4. Solution: Table 1.1 Differences Between RAM and ROM RAM ROM Data persistence Volatile Non-volatile Power need Needs a constant source of power to retain information stored on itDoesn’t need a constant source of power to retain information stored on it Use Start up process of a computer (bootingstrapping)Normal operations of a computer after starting up and loading the operating system Relative speed Faster Slower Size Large, usually in gigabytes (GB) of sizeSmall, usually in megabytes (MB) of size Example DRAM, SRAM BIOS 5. Solution: The brain of a computer is the CPU (central processing unit). The peripherals (input/output) function as human sensory organs.16 6. Solution: A bit is the smallest unit of information handled by a computer. Its value can either be 1 or 0 in the binary number system. A byte is eight bits, taken as a unit. 7. Solution: Software can broadly be ground under two types: Operating system (Supervisor programs), and Utility Programs (User programs). 8. Solution: Models can be divided into simulation, optimization, and computer-aided design models. ∑Simulation models address the presentation of a mathematical model that simulates a specific situation, with the formulation of a mathematical relationship and solution through a structured and valid process. ∑Optimization models use mathematical techniques to achieve a reasonable solution from a range of possibilities. ∑Computer-aided design models help in the preparation of design drawings and computation of quantities.17 9. Solution: See Section 1.3 Types of Programs of Chapter 1 of the book. 10. Solution: Table 1.2 Comparison of Five Different Programming Languages C Assembly Java SQL Python Procedural vs Object- Oriented programmingProcedural Procedural OOP Procedural OOP Language LevelHigh (or Intermediate) levelIntermediate levelHigh level High level (Very) high level Purpose or Scope of programmingGeneral purposeGeneral purposeGeneral purposeSpecial purpose (Database query)General purpose Compiled vs TranslatedCompiled Compiled Compiled to intermediate bytecodeTranslated Translated (but can be compiled to 18 intermediate code like Java) 11. Solution: See Section 1.4 and Figure 1.7 of Chapter 1 of the book. 12. Solution: See Section 1.4 and Figure 1.7 of Chapter 1 of the book. 13. Solution: SQL: Relationsl Databases Management Systems (RDBMS) Query. PHP: Server-side web scripting. Prolog: Programming logic. 14. Solution: The process of finding errors (i.e. bugs) in software that prevents a program from functioning properly, and fixing them, is known as debugging.19 15. Solution: Compile-time errors are usually syntax error, i.e. typo or wrong use of a language keyword or structure. They are discovered by the compiler before source code is translated to machine code. Run-time errors occur when the program is run. A common error is accessing prohibited memory (segmentation fault) and division by zero. Logical errors are the hardest to find. They result from faulty logic on the programmer’s side. The program runs to completion with no apparent errors, but the results may be wrong. 16. Solution: See Section 1.4 and Figure 1.7 of Chapter 1 of the book. 17. Solution: The steps can be broadly divided into: ∑Defining a problem. ∑Drawing an algorithm for solving the problem. ∑Choosing the programming theme. ∑Program editing, compilation and execution. ∑Documentation. ∑Maintenance, updates, patching, continuous debugging. See also Figure 1.8 Steps of Programming in the book.20 18. Solution: An algorithm is the steps or sequence of actions to be performed. It describes the expected inputs, the steps of calculations and data processing, and the outputs expected from a specific module. 19. Solution: Operators are used to indicate arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation as follows: Table 1.3 Arithmetic Operators in Visual Basic .NET Operator Function Example + addition 3+1 = 4 - subtraction 3-1 = 2 * multiplication 3*2 = 6 / division 4/2 = 2 ^ exponentiation 4^2 = 16 Mod Modulus (Remainder of integral division) 3 mod 2 = 5 20. Solution: Order of execution gives priority to exponentiations, to be followed by multiplication and 21 division, with addition and subtraction to be carried out last. The hierarchy of operation can be altered through the use of pairs of parentheses at proper places in an equation or formula. If two operands of the same priority exist in one formula, the order is left-to-right in execution, unless parentheses are present. 21. Solution: A keyword is a word reserved by the language for special use. Examples: ∑The END statement is used to indicate the end of a subroutine or a function, like ‘End Sub’ or ‘End Function’. ∑The GOTO statement is used to transfer the program to some other point of execution, changing the sequence of commands. ∑The IF-THEN statement construct is used to perform a conditional branching operation. ∑The CASE construct allows the selection of one path from a group of alternative paths. ∑The FOR..TO statement specifies the number of executions of a loop in the program. 22. Solution: The REMark statement adds descriptive comments anywhere into a VB .NET program. The compiler ignores statements beginning with REM, or a single comma.22 23. Solution: The END statement is used to indicate the end of a subroutine or a function, like ‘End Sub’ or ‘End Function’, or as an isolated ‘End’ statement to dictate the end of execution, although this last one is not needed, as an End is implied whenever a subroutine or a function comes to its last command. 24. Solution: Constants refer to values unaltered during program execution, i.e. the value that was hard-coded during design time is preserved during execution time. Some constants are predefined as part of the .NET Fx, for example, Pi is predefined as the constant System.Math.PI . Example: Const g = 9.81 25. Solution: An integer quantity is a whole numbers without fraction part. Examples: 1, 103, 415. 26. Solution: Short integers can have values in the range -32,768 to +32,767 (i.e. -215to 215-1) for signed shorts, and 0 to +65,535 (216-1) for unsigned shorts.23 27. Solution: See Section 1.3 of Chapter 1 of the book. 28. Solution: A loop is a block of statements that is repeated while a condition is true or until a condition becomes true. 29. Solution: An infinite loop is a loop that has no terminal condition, i.e. it runs to infinity. Example: Do While True … Loop 30. Solution: The expression in the IF statement is evaluated. If the result is a Boolean True, the block of commands following IF statement (IF-block) is executed. If the result of evaluation is false, an ELSE statement is looked for. If the is one, the block of commands following ELSE (ELSE- block) if executed. In all cases, execution proceeds after the IF-ELSE block.24 31. Solution: A character string is a series of characters, grouped together like beads on a string, and are accessed sequentially. All the characters are referenced by one name, the name of the string variable that holds string value. 32. Solution: To declare a character-type variable named chr, holding the value of small character “a”: Dim chr As Char = "a" 33. Solution: A section of a program that handles a specific function is called a subroutine , or simply a Sub. A subroutine that performs some calculations and returns a result to the caller is called a Function . Hence the difference between subroutines and functions is that the latter return a result to the caller, while the former does not. This indeed is such a subtle difference that some languages like C and most of its descendents ignore it completely. 34. Solution: See Section 1.5 The Open Source Movement of Chapter 1 of the book.25 Chapter Two: Computer Modeling Applications for Water and Wastewater Properties 2.7 Homework Problems in Water and Wastewater Properties 2.7.1 Discussion Problems 1) Solution: See Section 2.2 of Chapter 2 of the book. 2) Solution: See Sections 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6 of Chapter 2 of the book. 3) Solution: See Section 2.3 of Chapter 2 of the book. 4) Solution: See Section 2.3 of Chapter 2 of the book. 5) Solution: See Section 2.4 of Chapter 2 of the book.26 6) Solution: See latest Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater , American Water Works Association, APHA. 7) Solution: See latest Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater , American Water Works Association, APHA. 8) Solution: Using equations 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, and 2.10. ch 1.805 0.03 sa+(2.6) Where: sa = Salinity, g/kg. ch = Chlorinity, g/kg. Vmr (2.7) Where: r= Density of the fluid, kg/m3. m = Mass, kg.27 V = Volume, m3. ru1(2.8) Where: u= Specific volume of the fluid, m3/kg. r= Density of the fluid, kg/m3. gVmgrg (2.9) Where: g= Specific weight, N/m3. m = Mass, kg. g = Gravitational acceleration, m/s2. V = Volume, m3. r= Density of the fluid, kg/m3. C at waterogs 4.. rr(2.10) 9) Solution: Search relevant journals of fluid mechanics, for example https://www.cambridge.org.28 10) Table 2.1 Examples of Different Types of Fluids Type Example Newtonian Most fluids, Water, Gasoline, Oil, Air, Emulsions Dilatants Moving sand Non-Newtonian Flubber, Oobleck (suspension of starch in water) Ideal liquid Practically no ideal fluid exists. Real fluids are like kerosene, petrol, castor oil Ideal solid Pseudoplastic Clay, Cement, Milk, Colloidal solutions Plastic Sludge Thixotropic Raw sludge, Ketchup, Yoghurt, Paint Rheopectic Gypsum paste, Printer ink 11) Solution: Absolute viscosity coefficient is equal to kinematic viscosity coefficient, multiplied by density, i.e.: nrm (2.12) where: m= Dynamic (absolute) viscosity, N*s*m-2. n= Kinematic viscosity, m2*s-1(usually defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density).