(Test Bank) Infants and Children Prenatal Through Middle Childhood

Berk, 9

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9th Edition

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Author(s): Berk

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Copyright © 2021 by Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 1 CHAPTER 1 HISTORY, THEORY, AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES MULTIPLE CHOICE 1) Child development is a field of study devoted to ________. A) determining the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to human behavior B) describing historical perspectives on issues related to rearing children C) understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence D) analyzing the changes people experience in every stage of their lives Answer: C Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 4; screen 1.1 Objective: 1.1a Describe the field of child development, along with factors that stimulated its expansion. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 2) The central questions addressed by the field of child development ________. A) have little impact on the choices parents make to promote their children’s well-being B) have applied, or practical, importance C) are based exclusively on research conducted by psychologists D) involve all changes a person experiences throughout the lifespan Answer: B Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 4; screen 1.1 Objective: 1.1a Describe the field of child development, along with factors that stimulated its expansion. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 3) Child development is an interdisciplinary field, meaning it ________. A) pertains to children from diverse cultures and backgrounds B) has grown through the combined efforts of many different fields of study C) produces theories that can be applied in the same way to every culture in the world D) is a body of knowledge that is relevant and useful but not scientifically important Answer: B Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 5; screen 1.1 Objective: 1.1a Describe the field of child development, along with factors that stimulated its expansion. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 2 4) Child development is often divided into three broad domains: ________. A) physical, cognitive, and emotional and social B) biological, psychological, and sociological C) applied, interdisciplinary, and holistic D) infancy, childhood, and adolescence Answer: A Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 5; screen 1.1.1 Objective: 1.1b Explain how child development is typically divided into domains and periods. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 5) In Akhil’s short story, which he is writing by hand, he makes predictions about how love and loss will affect members of his family over time. By doing this, Akhil is demonstrating ________. A) capacities in each of the three broad domains of child development B) the primary importance of the cognitive domain C) that new capabilities are the product of exactly one of the three broad domains of child development D) that he is aware of the developmental events that make these actions possible Answer: A Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 5; screen 1.1.1 Objective: 1.1b Explain how child development is typically divided into domains and periods. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 6) A teacher concludes that improvements in a particular student’s academic ability were caused by a change in that student’s cognitive abilities. This conclusion is vulnerable to criticism because ________. A) changes in academic ability have no relationship to changes in cognitive development B) the definitions of the different domains of child development are too vague to support any conclusions about improved abilities C) all improvements in academic ability are the product of changes in social and emotional development D) the improvements could have been influenced by changes in physical or social and emotional development Answer: D Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 5; screen 1.1.1 Objective: 1.1b Explain how child development is typically divided into domains and periods. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 7) The emotional and social domain of child development includes changes in ________. A) perceptual and motor capacities B) attention and memory C) moral reasoning and behavior D) problem solving and language Answer: C Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 5; screen 1.1.1 Objective: 1.1b Explain how child development is typically divided into domains and periods. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. - - 3 8) During which period of development are the first intimate ties to others formed? A) infancy and toddlerhood B) early childhood C) middle childhood D) adolescence Answer: A Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 6; screen 1.1.2 Objective: 1.1b Explain how child development is typically divided into domains and periods. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy 9) The developmental period of early childhood spans the approximate age range from ________. A) conception to birth B) birth to 2 years C) 2 to 6 years D) 4 to 8 years Answer: C Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 6; screen 1.1.2 Objective: 1.1b Explain how child development is typically divided into domains and periods. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 10) Which statement about emerging adulthood is true? A) It is a period of development that extends from age 15 to 21. B) It is a period of development unique to developing nations. C) Although emerging adults have moved beyond adolescence, they have not yet fully assumed adult roles. D) It is a period of development mostly limited to young people in developing nations. Answer: C Topic: The Field of Child Development Content Ref: p. 6; screen 1.1.2 Objective: 1.1b Explain how child development is typically divided into domains and periods. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 11) Theories are vital tools because they ________. A) provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children. B) provide the ultimate truth about child development. C) do not require scientific verification. D) are not influenced by cultural values and belief systems. Answer: A Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 7; screen 1.2 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 4 12) Theories that have been verified by research can serve as a sound basis for practical action by ________. A) eliminating the influence of cultural values and belief systems B) illustrating the ultimate truth about child behavior C) providing conclusions that do not need to be replicated over time D) describing, explaining, and predicting behavior Answer: D Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 7; screen 1.2 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 13) Theories differ from mere opinion or belief because theories ________. A) are influenced by cultural values B) depend on scientific verification C) explain all aspects of development D) cannot be tested using research procedures Answer: B Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 7; screen 1.2 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 14) Reid believes that the difference between the immature and the mature being is simply one of amount or complexity. Reid views development as ________. A) continuous B) discontinuous C) determined by nature D) determined by nurture Answer: A Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 7; screen 1.2.1 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 15) Jessica believes that development takes place in stages in which children change rapidly as they progress to a new level and then change very little for a while. Jessica views development as ________. A) continuous B) discontinuous C) determined by nature D) determined by nurture Answer: B Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 8; screen 1.2.1 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. - - 5 16) The discontinuous view of development holds that ________. A) infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way adults do B) growth is the process of gradually augmenting the skills that were present from birth C) infants and children have ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that differ qualitatively from those of adults D) development is a smooth process limited only by a lack of information and precision Answer: C Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 8; screen 1.2.1 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 17) Contemporary theorists regard the contexts that shape development as ________. A) less important in adolescence than in early childhood B) entirely dependent on an individual’s genetics C) uniform across different individuals D) many-layered and complex Answer: D Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 8; screen 1.2.2 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 18) New evidence about child development increasingly emphasizes that ________. A) there is very little cultural diversity in child development B) environmental but not personal contexts shape development C) development occurs in a predictable, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts D) children not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop Answer: D Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.2 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 19) The field of child development is becoming increasingly aware that differences in personal and environmental circumstances ________. A) cause children to follow the same sequence of development B) make it more difficult for children to contribute to the contexts in which they develop C) change the order in which children pass through developmental stages D) foster different intellectual abilities, social skills, and feelings about the self and others Answer: D Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.3 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 6 20) Researchers who have different views of the nature–nurture controversy most likely disagree about ________. A) whether nature includes the hereditary information children receive from their parents B) whether nurture includes social forces as well as physical forces C) the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors in development D) which influences other than nature and nurture best explain differences in developmental outcomes Answer: C Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.3 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 21) Charlene believes that her daughter’s ability to think in complex ways is largely the result of a genetically determined timetable of growth. Charlene’s view emphasizes the role of ________ in developmental processes. A) nurture B) nature C) plasticity D) early experiences Answer: B Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.3 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 22) Theorists who believe that children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of ________. A) heredity B) stages C) nurture D) plasticity Answer: A Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.3 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 23) Theorists who emphasize plasticity argue that ________. A) early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior B) heredity has the most influence on behavior C) children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages D) development is open to change in response to influential experiences Answer: D Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.3 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. - - 7 24) Theorists who see development as having substantial plasticity would likely ________. A) believe that children who start high in a characteristic are likely to remain that way B) support interventions in adolescence but not earlier C) be skeptical about early childhood interventions D) be optimistic about the potential positive impact of interventions Answer: D Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.3 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 25) Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage. Justin’s adoptive mother believes sensitive caregiving will help him overcome his early stressful experiences. She is emphasizing the role of ________ in development. A) nature B) nurture C) stability D) stages Answer: B Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.3 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 26) People who conclude that the course of development is largely due to ________ would be likely to ________. A) nature; support interventions throughout the course of development B) nurture; oppose early childhood interventions C) early experiences; believe that stimulation and support would help children develop at their best D) heredity; believe that negative early experiences can be overcome by later, positive experiences Answer: C Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 9; screen 1.2.3 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 27) The most consistent asset of resilient children is ________. A) high self-esteem B) access to high-quality child care C) a strong bond with a competent, caring adult D) being identified as gifted Answer: C Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 10 Box: Biology and Environment: Resilient Children; screen 1.2.4 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 8 28) According to research on resilience, which characteristic is most likely to increase the chances that a child will be able to offset the impact of a stressful home life? A) being easily irritated B) being emotionally reactive C) having musical talent D) associating with rule-breaking peers Answer: C Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 10 Box: Biology and Environment: Resilient Children; screen 1.2.4 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 29) Research demonstrates that children’s parental relationships and personal characteristics are ________. A) interrelated; each is a factor that can influence the other B) distinct; each has a separate impact that can be isolated C) the most important factors influencing the ability to adapt effectively D) the only factors that consistently offer protection from the damaging effects of stressful life events Answer: A Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 10 Box: Biology and Environment: Resilient Children; screen 1.2.4 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 30) A developmental systems perspective envisions the process of development as ________. A) the product of hereditary influences along with other biological factors B) a challenge to the view that theories should describe, explain, and predict behavior C) best understood by isolating the effects of many contributing factors D) a perpetually ongoing process that is molded by a complex network of influences Answer: D Topic: Basic Issues Content Ref: p. 11; screen 1.2.4 Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 31) In medieval times, ________. A) children dressed and acted like adults B) children and adults were treated equally by the courts C) children were viewed as blank slates D) childhood was regarded as a separate period of life Answer: D Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 11; screen 1.3.1 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. - - 9 32) In medieval times, religious writings ________. A) gave rise to the view that children are born evil B) viewed children’s characters as being entirely shaped by experience C) contained contradictory depictions of children’s basic nature D) portrayed children as being equivalent to adults in most respects Answer: C Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 12; screen 1.3.1 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 33) During the Reformation, the Puritans ________. A) characterized children as innocent and close to angels B) regarded children as fully mature by the time they were 7 or 8 years old C) recommended permissive child-rearing practices D) believed that children were born evil and had to be civilized Answer: D Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 12; screen 1.3.2 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 34) John Locke viewed the child as a tabula rasa, meaning that children ________. A) are not capable of making ethical decisions B) have characters that are shaped entirely by experience C) are resistant to any attempts to shape their characters D) are born evil and needed purification Answer: B Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 12; screen 1.3.3 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 35) John Locke opposed the use of ________. A) praise as a reward B) adult attention as a reward C) physical punishment D) any form of discipline Answer: C Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 12; screen 1.3.3 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 10 36) Which developmental proposal held by John Locke is best supported by present-day research? A) the notion that the child is a blank slate B) the conception of children as “noble savages” C) believing that children do little to influence their destinies D) using adult attention and approval as a reward for desired behaviors Answer: D Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 12; screen 1.3.3 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 37) All contemporary child development theories view children as ________. A) naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong B) passive and emotionally fragile C) shaped entirely by experience D) active, purposeful beings Answer: D Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 12; screen 1.3.3 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 38) Jean-Jacques Rousseau saw children as ________. A) determining their own destinies B) blank slates to be filled by adult instruction C) tainted by original sin D) passive and highly plastic Answer: A Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 12-13; screen 1.3.3 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 39) According to Charles Darwin’s view of evolution, ________. A) physical characteristics and behavior can help individuals survive and pass on their characteristics B) only the physically strongest members of a species are likely to survive and produce offspring C) adaptations eventually produce individuals that are essentially identical D) early prenatal growth has a limited role in the environmental fitness of individuals Answer: A Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 13; screen 1.3.4 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. - - 11 40) Charles Darwin influenced the scientific study of children by ________. A) proving that the development of the human child follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species B) documenting observations about the prenatal development of many species C) arguing that human development is the product of a series of events that unfolds automatically D) creating the first successful intelligence test Answer: B Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 12-13; screen 1.3.4 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult 41) G. Stanley Hall and his student Arnold Gesell ________. A) were major proponents of the mental testing movement B) devised theories of child development based on evolutionary ideas C) emphasized environmental influences in producing developmental advances D) rejected the normative approach to studying development Answer: B Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 13; screen 1.3.4 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 42) Arnold Gesell ________. A) was among the first researchers to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents B) is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement C) proposed the principle of natural selection on which Darwin based his theory of evolution D) constructed the first successful intelligence test Answer: A Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 13; screen 1.3.4 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 43) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon ________. A) wrote the first widely accepted book on sanitary childbirth practices B) were the first researchers to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents C) regarded development as a maturational process D) constructed the first successful intelligence test Answer: D Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 14; screen 1.3.4 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 44) The first successful intelligence test was originally constructed to ________. A) measure individual differences in IQ Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 12 B) document age-related improvements in children’s intellectual functioning C) identify children with learning problems for placement in special classes D) compare the scores of children who varied in gender, ethnicity, and birth order Answer: C Topic: Historical Foundations Content Ref: p. 14; screen 1.3.4 Objective: 1.3 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 45) According to __________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. A) the normative approach B) behaviorism C) social learning theory D) the psychoanalytic perspective Answer: D Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 14; screen 1.4.1 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 46) Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory ________. A) on the basis of his adult patients’ memories of painful childhood events B) by conducting studies of animal behavior C) on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents D) by carefully observing his own children Answer: A Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 14; screen 1.4.1 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 47) Unlike Freud, Erikson ________. A) viewed children as taking an active role in their own development B) argued that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture’s life situation C) minimized the role of culture in individual development D) primarily focused on the importance of early life experiences Answer: B Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 16; screen 1.4.1 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 48) One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research is that ________. A) many psychoanalytic ideas, such as ego functioning, are too vague to be tested empirically Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. - - 13 B) psychoanalytic theorists accept the clinical method in which age-related averages represent typical development C) modern researchers have demonstrated that personality development does not take place in stages D) it failed to consider the early parent–child relationship, which is central to modern theories Answer: A Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 16; screen 1.4.1 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 49) Ivan Pavlov taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by using ________. A) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning C) punishment D) modeling Answer: B Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: pp. 16-17; screen 1.4.2 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 50) On a few occasions, Jack’s mother gave him candy to keep him quiet when she took him to the doctor’s office. Now every time Jack goes to the doctor’s office, he asks his mother for candy. This is an example of ________. A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) observational learning D) modeling Answer: B Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 17; screen 1.4.2 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 51) In a historic experiment with an 11-month-old called Albert, John Watson demonstrated that ________. A) children cannot be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus B) infants as young as a few months old will repeat a behavior to obtain a desirable reward C) adults can mold children’s behavior by carefully controlling stimulus–response associations D) children have an innate, inborn fear of rats Answer: C Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 17; screen 1.4.2 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 52) At his preschool, Paul sees a child hit someone else to get a desired toy. Later, Paul hits another child and takes the child’s cookies. According to social learning theory, why would Paul do what he did? Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 14 A) Through classical conditioning, Paul has learned to associate violence with acquiring desired objects. B) Paul is currently in the sensorimotor stage and is incapable of making moral decisions. C) The frequency of this behavior was increased through reinforcement. D) Observational learning taught him that an aggressive response was appropriate. Answer: D Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 17; screen 1.4.2 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 53) Aurelia tells her daughter, “I know you can do a good job on that homework” because she believes that if she encourages persistence, her daughter will start to view herself as hardworking and high-achieving. Aurelia is ________. A) using behavior modification B) promoting psychosocial thinking C) applying a cognitive-developmental approach D) encouraging self-efficacy in her daughter Answer: D Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 17; screen 1.4.2 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 54) Both behaviorism and social learning theory have been criticized for ________. A) emphasizing nature over nurture B) presenting ideas that are too vague to test empirically C) overestimating children’s contributions to their own development D) underestimating children’s contributions to their own development Answer: D Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 18; screen 1.4.2 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 55) According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, ________. A) development must be understood in relation to each child’s culture B) adult teaching is the best way to foster development C) children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world D) children’s learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults Answer: C Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 18; screen 1.4.3 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 56) According to Piaget’s theory, during the sensorimotor stage, children ________. A) can think of all possible outcomes in a scientific problem Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. - - 15 B) organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses C) “think” by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth D) can evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances Answer: C Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 19; screen 1.4.3 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 57) Four-year-old Ingo engages in make-believe play, stirring beads in a bowl and saying, “Soup is ready!” According to Piaget, this kind of play is indicative of the ________ stage of cognitive development. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational Answer: B Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 19; screen 1.4.3 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 58) Sydney, when faced with a problem, starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget’s ________ stage of development. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational Answer: D Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 19; screen 1.4.3 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 59) Jamar understands that a certain amount of liquid or clay remains the same even after its appearance changes, and can organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. Nonetheless, Jamar may not be in the concrete operational stage because ________. A) children in the concrete operational stage usually do not have those abilities B) the concrete operational stage comes after the formal operational stage C) children in the sensorimotor stage also possess those abilities D) children in the formal operational stage also possess those abilities Answer: D Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Content Ref: p. 19; screen 1.4.3 Objective: 1.4 Describe theories that influenced child development research in the mid-twentieth century. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult