(Test Bank) Art, A Brief History

Stokstad, 7

History & Arts

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7th Edition

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1 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Prehistoric Art in Europe Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is incorporated into the composition of Spotted Horses and Human Hands? a. the natural environment of the horses b. the illusion of three-dimensional space c. the depiction of abstract human bodies d. the natural contour of the cave wall Answer: d Learning Objective: None Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. A statue carved free of any background or block is called a __________. a. sculpture in the round b. capstone c. linear design d. dolmen Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Topic: Artifacts or Works of Art? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Which of the following distinguishes Lion-Human Statuette from other Paleolithic figurines? a. its large size b. its medium c. its style d. its technique Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Topic: Artifacts or Works of Art? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4. Although archeologists and art historians are unsure of the meaning of Lion-Human Statuette, it is considered an artwork because it __________. a. demonstrates the technique of modeling clay into representational figures b. establishes that Paleolithic artists copied what they observed in nature c. represents a spiritual figure communing with the celestial world d. demonstrates complex thinking and creative imagination Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Topic: Artifacts or Works of Art? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 5. Most carved human figures from the Paleolithic period depict __________. a. men b. children c. women d. elders Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Topic: Artifacts or Works of Art? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Female figurines from the Paleolithic period most likely exaggerated female attributes to emphasize __________. a. beauty b. power c. fertility d. religious ritual Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Topic: Artifacts or Works of Art? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7. In Russia and Ukraine, the buildings of Upper Paleolithic settlements were built using __________. a. mammoth bones b. the post-and-lintel system c. stone dolmens d. corbel vaults Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Topic: Shelter of Architecture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. The earliest-known prehistoric cave paintings are located at __________. a. Lascaux b. Altamira c. Chauvet d. Çatalhöyük Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: Cave Painting and Sculpture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Why do scholars agree that cave paintings were meaningful to prehistoric peoples? a. The cave openings were sealed before the artists moved to a new location. b. Archaeologists found hunting equipment in the subterranean galleries of each cave. c. The archaeological record indicates that people were buried underneath the paintings. d. People returned to them many times generation after generation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: The Meaning(s) of Prehistoric Cave Paintings Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 4 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10. Which of the following types of evidence might suggest that the subterranean galleries of prehistoric caves had religious or magical functions? a. elaborate burials b. stones engraved with linear designs c. artifacts and footprints d. ceramic figurines Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: The Meaning(s) of Prehistoric Cave Paintings Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Which of the following examples of Paleolithic art is unique because it may tell a story? a. Men Taunting a Deer (?) b. Hall of Bulls c. Woman from Willendorf d. Bird-Headed Man with Bison Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: Lascaux and Altamira Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. A technique called modeling was used to create __________. a. corbel vaults in Neolithic passage graves b. relief sculptures in Paleolithic caves c. dolmens in Neolithic henges d. paintings in prehistoric caves Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: Lascaux and Altamira Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13. The paintings at the Lascaux Caves were created around __________. a. 32,000 BCE b. 7400 BCE c. 3000 BCE d. 15,000 BCE Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: Lascaux and Altamira Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. In the Hall of Bulls at the Lascaux Caves, which aspects of the animals are represented in profile? a. horns b. hooves c. heads d. eyes Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: Lascaux and Altamira Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. How is Bison at a cave at Altamira different from the Hall of Bulls at the Lascaux Caves? a. The artists painted the bodies of the bison on natural bulges in the cave’s walls and ceilings. b. The artists used modeling to shape clay into the bodies of the bison before applying paint. c. The artists engraved the bodies of the animals into the surface of the cave walls. d. The artists surrounded the herd of bison with stylized depictions of human figures. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: Lascaux and Altamira Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 6 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16. In Bison from Le Tuc d’Audoubert, the creator gave the animals a more lifelike quality by __________. a. depicting human figures surrounding the bison herds b. surrounding the animals with small footprints in the clay floor c. engraving short parallel lines below their necks to suggest shaggy coats d. overlapping them with low-relief carvings of thin, active animals Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: Lascaux and Altamira Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 17. One fundamental change that marked the beginning of the Neolithic period was the __________. a. development of agricultural settlements b. emergence of cave painting. c. development of weaving d. use of wooden tools Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the changes in prehistoric art and architecture that resulted from the social and cultural changes of the Neolithic period. Topic: The Neolithic Period (c. 6500–3400/2300 BCE) Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. What was the result of successive generations continually building house upon house in the Neolithic community of Çatalhöyük? a. large open chambers b. great mounds of villages c. little archeological evidence d. small grave chambers Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the changes in prehistoric art and architecture that resulted from the social and cultural changes of the Neolithic period. Topic: Çatalhöyük Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19. Most of the wall paintings in the houses of Çatalhöyük depict __________. a. people planting crops b. herds of animals c. exaggerated female figures d. violent and wild scenes Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the changes in prehistoric art and architecture that resulted from the social and cultural changes of the Neolithic period. Topic: Çatalhöyük Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. The houses in Çatalhöyük were constructed of __________. a. stone posts b. mammoth bones c. mud bricks d. wooden lintels Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the changes in prehistoric art and architecture that resulted from the social and cultural changes of the Neolithic period. Topic: Çatalhöyük Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. Which of the following marked the emergence of the human body as the primary location of human identity? a. Lion-Human Statuette b. Woman and Man from Cernavoda c. Bird-Man with Bison at Lascaux Caves d. Woman from Willendorf Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the changes in prehistoric art and architecture that resulted from the social and cultural changes of the Neolithic period. Topic: Ceramics Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22. Compared to Paleolithic sculptures, such as the Woman from Willendorf, the Woman and Man from Cernavoda display more __________. a. exaggerated features b. gestures and expressions c. idealized attributes d. painted colors Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the changes in prehistoric art and architecture that resulted from the social and cultural changes of the Neolithic period. Topic: Ceramics Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 23. A structure in which each row or layers of stone are laid with the end of each row projecting beyond the row below until they come together to span an interior space is called a __________. a. dolmen b. capstone c. cairn d. corbel vault Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. A method of construction in which two upright materials support a horizontal element is called __________. a. post-and-lintel b. corbeling c. modeling d. vaulting Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25. The term “megalithic” means __________. a. small stone b. large stone c. old stone d. new stone Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 26. Neolithic passage graves feature __________. a. wall paintings with lifelike animal images b. high relief sculpture of bison herds c. linear designs of rings, spirals, and diamonds d. violent scenes with humans taunting animals Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. The burial site at Newgrange in Ireland is an example of a __________. a. passage grave b. circular henge c. megalithic cairn d. post-and-lintel structure Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 28. Which of the following sites includes an example of a corbel vault? a. Stonehenge b. Çatalhöyük c. Lascaux Caves d. Newgrange Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 29. A simple tomb in which large, often upright, stones form a chamber that supports one or more table-like rocks, or capstones, is called a __________. a. passage grave b. henge c. dolmen d. cairn Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. A structure formed by a circle of stones or posts and often surrounded by a ditch with embankments is called a __________. a. henge b. dolmen c. cairn d. capstone Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Stonehenge Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Which of the following sites is an example of post-and-lintel construction? a. Çatalhöyük b. Newgrange c. Chauvet d. Stonehenge Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Stonehenge Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Construction at Stonehenge began around __________. a. 3000 BCE b. 7400 BCE c. 13,000 BCE d. 25,000 BCE Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Stonehenge Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33. In the Middle Ages, which structure was thought to have been built by Merlin, the legendary magician of King Arthur? a. Stonehenge b. Newgrange c. Durrington Walls d. Çatalhöyük Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. At Stonehenge, the horseshoe-shaped arrangement of five upright stones topped by lintels is called the __________. a. cairn b. sarsen trilithon c. arc of bluestones d. capstone Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Stonehenge Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. Why do scholars believe that Stonehenge was a site of ceremonies related to death and burial? a. The interior circle of sarsen stones is oriented towards the position of the sun at the solstice. b. Its original bluestones include engraved designs of spirals, rings, and diamonds. c. Archaeologists found musical instruments buried in the surrounding embankments. d. It began as a cemetery of cremation burials marked by a circle of imported bluestones. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Stonehenge Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essay Questions 36. Describe the Lion-Human Statuette and discuss its possible meaning(s). Why can it be considered an artwork? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The Lion-Human Statuette is a sculpture in the round that combines the features of a human and a lion. 2. The statue could represent a human wearing a ritual lion mask. 3. The figure could express the power of an animal or convey Paleolithic peoples’ conception of animals and humans as one common group of beings sharing the world. 4. The figure can be considered an early example of prehistory artwork because it demonstrates complex thinking and creative imagination by conceiving of and representing a creature never seen in nature. Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Topic: Artifacts or Works of Art? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 37. Which theories and conclusions have scholars reached about the possible meanings and purposes of prehistoric cave painting? What is the consensus among scholars about prehistoric cave painting? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. In the early twentieth century, scholars believed that art had a social function and proposed that cave paintings might be associated with prehistoric ceremonies performed to strengthen clan bonds or to enhance the fertility of animals used for food. 2. Early anthropologists also suggested that cave paintings were expressions of “sympathetic magic” and that prehistoric caves were thus used to ensure that hunters found their prey asleep, as places of worship, and as settings for initiation rites. 3. In the second half of the twentieth century, scholars discovered that the depicted animals were not those frequently used for food and dismissed earlier theories, instead arguing that the paintings could be used to teach novice hunters about animal behavior. 4. Due to the artifacts and footprints found in the caves, scholars agree that the decorated caves must have had special meaning because prehistoric people returned to them time after time over many generations. Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the diverse forms and potential meanings of Paleolithic cave paintings and sculptures. Topic: The Meaning(s) of Prehistoric Cave Paintings Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 13 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 38. How do the houses at Çatalhöyük embody the fundamental social changes during the Neolithic period? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The foundation of year-round settlements with houses occurred during the Neolithic period, and Çatalhöyük embodies this important fundamental social and cultural change. 2. Beginning in 7400 BCE, Çatalhöyük featured the continual building of house upon house in successive generations that resulted in the rise of great mounds of villages. 3. The mud-brick houses included short walls and ridges that defined separate areas for different activities or social grouping and special objects were displayed in conical wall recesses. 4. Village residents were often buried under of the floors of the houses, which rooted the site in the community’s past as well as its future. Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the changes in prehistoric art and architecture that resulted from the social and cultural changes of the Neolithic period. Topic: The Neolithic Period (c. 6500-3400/2300 BCE) Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 39. How does the architecture of the burial site at Newgrange, Ireland, represent the architectural conventions of megalithic monuments? Answer: the ideal answer should include: 1. In the Neolithic period, megalithic architecture consisted of massive tombs and ceremonial structures built from huge stones. 2. The elaborate burial site at Newgrange is called a passage grave. 3. It has a 62-foot long passageway lined with standing stones that leads into a three-part chamber. 4. The large chamber was constructed as a corbel vault using corbeling, a method of construction in which rows of stones are laid with the end of each row projecting beyond the row beneath until it can be capped with a stone. Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Megalithic Monuments Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 14 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 40. Explain the architectural structure and construction of Stonehenge. What are the theories regarding its possible function? Answer: the ideal answer should include: 1. Stonehenge is a henge, or circle of stones or posts that is surrounded by a ditch with built-up embankments. 2. Over eight different phases of construction, large sarsen stones and bluestones were placed to create the henge using the post-and-lintel system: two upright stones support a horizontal lintel. 3. The site started as a cemetery of cremation burials marked by a circle of imported bluestones. While the complex was erroneously associated with the rituals of Celtic druids and considered a calendar for regulating agricultural schedules, recent archaeological evidence and the discovery of nearby prehistoric habitation led scholars to believe that Stonehenge was the site of ceremonies linked to death and burial. Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the construction and uses of megalithic architecture. Topic: Stonehenge Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It 15 Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Revel Quizzes Quiz: The Upper Paleolithic Period (c. 42,000-8000 BCE) EOM Q1.1.1 The earliest known representational art dates to roughly __________. a. 38,000 years ago b. 26,000 years ago Consider This: Representational art looks like what it represents. 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. c. 54,000 years ago Consider This: Representational art looks like what it represents. 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. d. 12,000 years ago Consider This: Representational art looks like what it represents. 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss whether the earliest representational images and shelters of the Paleolithic period can be considered works of art and architecture. Topic: The Upper Paleolithic Period (c. 42,000–8000 BCE) Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember