(Test Bank) Western Civilizations Their History And Their Culture (Brief)

Joshua,Cole,Carol,Symes, 4

History & Arts

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Author(s): Joshua, Cole, Carol, Symes

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CHAPTER 1: Early Civilizations MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. To the peoples of the ancient world, the characteristic manifestations of civilization —government, literature, science, and art —were necessarily products of: A. rural life. B. city life. C. religion. D. warfare. E. nomadic life. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 4 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: I MSC: Remembering 2. Human cultures down to the fourth millennium B.C.E. are referred to as belonging to the Stone Age because they: A. made most of their tools out of stone. B. built urban structures primarily with stone. C. used rocks and stones as weapons. D. lived in caves. E. communicated primarily through messages carved in stone. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 4 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: II, B MSC: Remembering 3. Social relationships in the ancient city of Çatalhöyük were largely: A. hierarchical. B. egalitarian. C. based on a caste system. D. managed by religious officials. E. based on the example of their gods. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 4 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. | 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. TOP: II, A MSC: Remembering 4. To foster greater understanding of the prehistoric period, scholars began to use scientific data from th e discipline of: A. paleontology. B. archaeology. C. anthropology. D. climatology. E. history. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 4 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: I MSC: Remembering 5. The Paleolithic Age begins with the earliest ancestors of modern human beings, who used stone tools, approximately _________ years ago. A. 7 million B. 5 million C. 2 million D. 750,000 E. 200,000 ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 4 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: II, B, 1 MSC: Remembering 6. Cave paintings, such as those found in Lascaux, France, are likely evidence of development of: A. a stratified society. B. permanent settlement. C. language. D. a priestly class. E. an artistic class. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 5 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: II, B, 2 MSC: Remembering 7. Before 11,000 B.C.E., virtually all human societies were: A. engaged in settled agri culture to produce crop surpluses for the gods. B. able to use metal tools for arts, crafts, and building. C. using men to do the hunting and women to do the gathering. D. nomadic, moving incessantly in search of limited food. E. settled in agricultura l communities. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 4 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: II, B, 2 MSC: Remembering 8. Since human beings in the Paleolithic Period had no domestic animals: A. great disparities developed in individual wealth. B. they could be easily ruled by tribal kings. C. they practiced a policy of “divide, defeat, and conquer.” D. they had no significant wealth beyond what they could carry. E. they used wild animals as beasts of burden. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 5 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: II, B, 2 MSC: Understanding 9. The switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production: A. required people to give up their faith in storm and wind gods. B. was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible. C. meant that women were no longer part of the labor force. D. prohibited raising domestic animals as livestock. E. required seasonal movement, allowing for summer and winter settlements. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 5 –6 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: III, A MSC: Understanding 10. The Neolithic Revolution allowed women to: A. participate fully in social and political governance. B. become the primary laborers in the growing of crops. C. have fewer children and devote less time to child care. D. have more children and devote more time to child care. E. become the religious leaders of communities. ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6 OBJ: 4. Explain how Hammurabi’s empire was governed. TOP: III, A, 1, b MSC: Applying 11. Why was life expectancy in early cities shorter than among nomadic hunter -gatherer peoples? A. The carbohydrate -rich diet was less nutritious, and cramped housing in the citie s resulted in increased exposure to infectious diseases. B. The success of the cities and their stored supplies of food attracted attack from outside, chiefly by nomadic peoples. C. The process of in -home burial led to an increase in contagious disease. D. Food was often portioned out according to social class and sex, resulting in an inadequate diet for women and the poor. E. People in early cities exercised less and ate more than people who lived in traditional hunter -gatherer societies. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. TOP: III, A, 2 MSC: Applying 12. Agricultural surpluses and permanent settlements allowed for the unequal accumul ation of wealth and thus the emergence of: A. primitive communism. B. a socially, economically, and politically stratified society. C. charities dedicated to feeding the poor. D. religious rituals dedicated to increasing agricultural production. E. the earliest banks and trust companies. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 7 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. TOP: III, A, 2 MSC: Applying 13. One of the earliest c ivilizations, Sumer, flourished in what the Greeks called Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern -day: A. Egypt. B. Iran. C. Saudi Arabia. D. Ethiopia. E. Iraq. ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV MSC: Remembering 14. Why was Sumer an uninviting environment for the first cities? A. The area has no natural defenses. B. The soil was sandy and the rivers flooded unpredictab ly. C. The marshy land between the rivers was fertile breeding ground for malaria and other deadly diseases. D. The rivers were largely unnavigable during long periods of the year, making trade difficult. E. The region had no forests for timber or usable stone to quarry for building materials. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that sha ped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, A MSC: Applying 15. Which of the following was an important element in the development of early settlements? A. The development of coinage to make the exchange of goods easier. B. The standardization of burial practices throughout the Near and Middle East. C. The discovery made during the last “Little Ice Age” of freezing to preserve food. D. The rapid expansion of trade routes. E. The emergence of hereditary kingship. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. | 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, B MSC: Applying 16. The first form of writing in the Near East was used to: A. write religious texts. B. write wills. C. record economic transactions. D. record significant historical events. E. record births and deaths. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. | 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities . TOP: IV, C MSC: Understanding 17. Although early writing was produced using pointed sticks, Sumerian scribes circa 3100 B.C.E. advanced writing with durable reeds that: A. almost anyone could use to produce simple documents. B. allowed the production of clay tablets without costly baking. C. were exclusively used by the priest class. D. produced wedge -like script called cuneiform. E. could be used to eat with as well as write. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 9 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. | 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, C MSC: Remembering 18. The common religion of the Sumerians: A. was an early form of monotheism that influenced other peoples. B. required city -states to settle their differences peacefully. C. guaranteed free food for the poorest members of society. D. included many gods, with a different god worshiped in each city -state. E. was the only aspect of Sumerian society that survived the society’s collapse. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 9 –10 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. | 3. Ident ify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 1 MSC: Understanding 19. While ancient Sumerians shared a common religion, warfare was frequent because: A. priests were also warriors. B. the common religion taught that war was necessary and good. C. most ancient Sumerians did not believe in the peaceful teachings of the common religion. D. residents of each city believed themselves to be the servants of different gods. E. residents of e ach city competed against each other for the honor of serving in the temples. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 1 MSC: Remembering 20. Slavery in Sumerian society was: A. based on the color of a person’s skin. B. strictly forbidden. C. based on gender. D. perpetual, with no chance for the slaves to gain their freedom. E. usually the result of capture during war. ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: p. 10 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 1 MSC: Understanding 21. An individual who successfully led a Sumerian city -state’s army i n battles was: A. known as a tyrant and feared by freedom -loving citizens. B. able to acquire prestige and power as a lugal. C. associated with distant countries where the gods supposedly lived. D. declared a god -king by his city’s priests. E. allowed by the gods to carouse with the wives and daughters of the nobles. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 11 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. | 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 2 MSC: Understanding 22. The Epic of Gilgamesh : A. exists today in the exact version in which it was read in ancient Sumer. B. relates the adventures of a lugal of Uruk in ancient Sumer. C. tells us more about ancient Persian society than it does about ancient Sumer. D. is largely derived from stories in the Hebrew Bible. E. tells the story of a simple Akkadian farmer. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 11 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 2 MSC: Understanding 23. Enkidu’s death in the Epic of Gilgamesh and Gilgamesh’s inabil ity to revive him illustrates that Sumerians believed that: A. a powerful lugal owes no allegiance to the gods. B. rural life is superior to urban life and “civilization.” C. human effort was futile to stop the forces of nature. D. the Sumerians believed that the gods would reward those who did their bidding. E. some Sumerians did not believe in gods and goddesses. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 11 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 2 MSC: Applying 24. Shortly before 3000 B.C.E., people in the Near East discovered that bronze could be produced by: A. applying advances in Sumerian mathematics and astronomy . B. heating copper to extremely high temperatures in pottery furnaces. C. combining copper with iron. D. combining copper with arsenic or tin. E. combining iron with tin or arsenic. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 12 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. | 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 4 MSC: Remembering 25. Sumerian divided time by units of: A. 5. B. 11. C. 33. D. 45. E. 60. ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: p. 14 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 4 MSC: Remembering 26. Sumerian city -states were vulnerable to conquest from the North because: A. they used tools made of copper rather th an the stronger metal, bronze. B. they did not make use of chariots in warfare as the Akkadians to the North did. C. they refused to adopt technological innovations from other societies. D. their armies were composed of only slaves. E. no military leader ever attempted to centralize power across city -states. ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: p. 15 OBJ: 3. Identify the fact ors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 5 MSC: Understanding 27. Sargon of Akkad (c. 2350 B.C.E.) is significant because he: A. was the first lugal to conquer neighboring city -states. B. subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley. C. built observatories and introduced the more accurate Akkadian calendar. D. sent ambassadors to distant lands ranging from Ethiopia to Europe. E. was the first ruler in history to take the title of “emperor.” ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 15 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 5, a MSC: Applying 28. The Akkadian rulers of Sargon and Naram -Sin: A. presided over the “Dark Age,” when foreigners dominated Akkad. B. were glorified bandits who had little interest in culture. C. wiped out the Sumerian religion and replaced it with their own. D. led their country to a series of disastrous defeats ending in the destruction of Akkad. E. ruled from cities and kept their empires through conquest and commerce. ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: p. 15 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 5, a MSC: Understanding 29. Following the decline in Akkad, a new dynasty under the leadership of _________ arose in the Sumerian city of Ur. A. Ur-Narmer B. Ur-Nammu C. Ur-Engar D. Ur-Enkidu E. Gilgamesh ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 15 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 5, b MSC: Remembering 30. _________ was the first king to launch wars of aggression in the name of his primary god. A. Sargon B. Ur-Nammu C. Hammurabi D. Djoser E. Narmer ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 16 OBJ: 4. Explain how Hammurabi’ s empire was governed. TOP: IV, D, 5, c, i MSC: Remembering 31. Hammurabi’s empire was founded on: A. a policy of terror. B. constant warfare. C. complex trade networks. D. political strategy and diplomacy. E. the loyalty of his blood kin. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 16 OBJ: 4. Explain how Hammurabi’s empire was governed. TOP: IV, D 5, c, i MSC: Understanding 32. The penalties in Hammurabi’s Law Code: A. were equal for all. B. only applied to slaves. C. were different depending on the class of an individual. D. were different depending on whether an individual was a citizen or not. E. were different depending on the age of the individual. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 16 –17 OBJ: 4. Explain how Hammurabi’s empire was governed. TOP: IV, D, 5, c, ii MSC: Understanding 33. The civilization that emerged in ancient Egypt arose: A. as a part of the Old Babylonian Empire. B. at the same time as that of ancient Sumer. C. significantly later than that of ancient Sumer. D. significantly earlier than that of ancient Sumer. E. as a result of Akkadian colonization. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 17 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: V MSC: Remembering 34. Historians typically divide ancient Egyptian history into _________ to facilitate the discussion of Egyptian politics and culture. A. Intermediate eras B. Predynastic societies C. Pharaohs D. Kingdoms and periods E. Primary and secondary eras ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 17 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differen ces between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V MSC: Applying 35. Due to recent research, the method of numbering Egyptian Dynasties now begins with the _________ dynasty. A. Zero B. First C. Initial D. Primary E. Scorpion ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 21 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, B MSC: Remembering 36. The word pharaoh means: A. great king. B. god-king. C. high priest. D. great household. E. son of Osiris. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 21 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C MSC: Remembering 37. The Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was: A. deciphered by Champollion using the Rosetta Stone. B. a popular version of the more complex cuneiform. C. used until the invention of printing with movable type. D. not written on papyrus because it was too expensive. E. a phonetic system of writing ba sed on the Ubaid language. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 23 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C, 1 MSC: Remembering 38. Hieroglyphs were most commonly used: A. for the everyday business of government. B. on monuments and other stone tablets. C. in contracts. D. on papyrus. E. for accounting purposes. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 23 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C, 1 MSC: Applying 39. The important administrator of the pharaoh Djoser who initiated pyramid building in the “step” style was: A. Imhotep. B. Khufu. C. Cheops. D. Khafre. E. Narmer. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C, 2 MSC: Remembering 40. The great Pyramids of Giza, built in the Fourth Dynasty, were: A. used for athletic events, concerts, and political rallies. B. lost in the desert sands and unknown to the Greeks. C. a good supply of building stone for Rome and Carthage. D. temples used for worship by the priestly class. E. constructed by thousands of peasant workers who were not slaves. ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences betwee n Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C, 2 MSC: Remembering 41. The weakening power of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties resulted in: A. a wider distribution of wealth in Egyptian society. B. a decline in cultural production. C. a contraction of court culture to Memphis. D. priests refusing to crown pharaohs. E. a decline in the general quality of life in Egypt. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C, 3 MSC: Applying 42. The two gods most fundamental to Egyptian religious belief were: A. Seth and Osiris. B. Isis and Osiris. C. Seth and Isis. D. Isis and Anubis. E. Anubis and Horus. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 25 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, D, 1 MSC: Remembering 43. Before entering an enjoyable afterlife, the deceased Egyptia n supposedly: A. would be judged by Osiris and other divine judges. B. confessed all sins. C. had to buy access to heaven with offerings to the gods. D. had to build a pyramid, large or small, according to social status. E. had to find his soul in the Duat. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 25 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, D, 2 MSC: Remembering 44. Egyptian coffin books or books of the dead contained: A. lists of prominent persons who died each year. B. funeral regulations for memb ers of the royal family. C. instructions about preserving bodies after death. D. instructions for traveling through the underworld. E. lamentations and consoling writings to aid the bereaved in their time of sorrow. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 26 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, D, 2 MSC: Remembering 45. Ma’at: A. or “size,” meant that temples and palaces had to be very large. B. is equivalent to the English “human rights.” C. was a male god who made the universe move forward in time. D. refers to ideals of order, justice, and truth. E. refers to the Egyptian be lief in reincarnation. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 26 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, D, 2 MSC: Remembering 46. The Egyptians made notable advances in: A. mathematics. B. science. C. military technology. D. philosophy. E. measuring time. ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: p. 26 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, D, 3 MSC: Remembering 47. Egyptian society: A. was highly stratified, with an influential middle class. B. consisted of a tin y minority of royalty and nobility and a majority class of the poor, including peasants and most artisans. C. was dependent on a large and heavily oppressed slave class. D. was a powerful patriarchy in which women had no participation. E. was a matriarc hal society as evidenced by powerful queens. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 26 –27 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, D, 4 MSC: Understanding 48. Which of the following is NOT true regarding women in Egyptian society during the Pharaonic Period? A. They could assume pharaonic authority. B. They could own property. C. They could stand before the courts as individuals without male representation. D. They could practice sexual freedom. E. They were recognized as persons in their own right. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 26 –28 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of ci vilizations. | 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, D, 5 MSC: Applying 49. Which period saw Egypt expand its borders, abandon its isolationism, and change its ideal of pharaoh from a god to a “good sh epherd”? A. The Old Kingdom B. The Middle Kingdom C. The First Intermediate Period D. The Second Intermediate Period E. The New Kingdom ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 28 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, E MSC: Applying 50. Which comparison between Egypt and Mesopotamian civilizations is NOT true? A. They underwent a melding of religious and political leadership. B. They engaged in massive building projects. C. They developed a technique of writing, which helped them expand their influence. D. They enjoyed significant political and cultural interactions with each other. E. They underwent a process of political consolidation in the third millennium B.C.E. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 29 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, F MSC: Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. Myths can be considered an early form of history. ANS: T Myths often represent an oral tradition of a group of people trying to make sense of their reality by understanding their past. DIF: Easy REF: p. 3 OBJ: 2. Define the characteristics of civilizations. TOP: I MSC: Remembering 2. Hierarchical structures of leadership were uncommon in early hunter -gatherer societies. ANS: T These societies may have been highly organized, but lack of personal wealth made attendant distinctions in rank and status unlikely. DIF: Easy REF: p. 5 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: II, B, 2 MSC: Understanding 3. Labor among Paleolithic peoples was strictly divided along gender l ines, as men did the hunting and women the gathering. ANS: F Such gendered assumptions do not reflect the complex realities of hunter -gatherer societies. It is more likely that all members of the group were engaged to some extent in all the basic activiti es. DIF: Moderate REF: p. 5 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: II, B, 2 MSC: Remembering 4. Agricultural surplus made it possible for early societies to become more stable and to expand in population, yet a lso kept early societies socially stagnant as all labor was focused on the land and the cultivation of more grain. ANS: F Agricultural surplus made it possible for members of society to devote at least a portion of their labor to pursuits other than agriculture and to begin to specialize in crafts such as pottery or cloth making. It also contributed to a rise in social elites who exploited the labor of others to gain power and become rulers. DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: III, A MSC: Understanding 5. The Sumerians’ adversarial relationship with their surroundings and general distrust of nature were paralyzing to their culture as they lacked motivation to make significant advances in science, technology, and trade. ANS: F Although the Sumerian did distrust nature, and even their gods, the desire to co ntrol their surroundings led to immense advances in technology, including the development of bronze casting and of different technologies based on the wheel. As a result, trade and Sumerian culture as a whole flourished. DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 11 –14 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 1 MSC: Applying 6. Although the Akkadians were the predominant people of central Mesopotamia, they adopted Sumerian script, culture, war techniques, and language. ANS: F The Akkadians retained their Semitic language and were not bound by conventions of Sumerian warfare. DIF: Moderate REF: p. 15 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. TOP: IV, D, 5, a MSC: Understanding 7. Hammurabi’s L aw Code is the first law code that exacted equal punishment for crimes across the social spectrum. ANS: F The Law Code is evidence of a highly stratified society with strict class divisions. Crimes committed against the nobility were punished more heavily than those committed against the lower classes. DIF: Moderate REF: p. 17 OBJ: 4. Explain how Hammurabi’s empire was governed. TOP: IV, D, 5, c, ii MSC: Understanding 8. Hammurabi’s Law Code accorded no rights to women. ANS: F Although the rights of women were restricted compared to men’s rights in ancient Babylon, Hammurabi’ s code did grant women some limited rights such as the right to divorce estranged or abusive husbands and the right to demand that such a husband support his children. DIF: Moderate REF: p. 17 OBJ: 4. Explain how Hammurabi’s empire was governed. TOP: IV, D, 5, c, ii MSC: Understanding 9. The Nile River served as a natural division for the regions of Egypt. ANS: F In fact, the Nile River helped to unify the disparate cities and towns of Egypt by allowing easy administrative, commercial, and, when nece ssary, military travel. The Nile River allowed for the sharing of culture and technologies, but also gave a conduit through which pharaohs could and did project their power over Egypt. DIF: Easy REF: p. 17 OBJ: 3. Identify the factors that shaped life in the earliest cities. | 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V MSC: Understanding 10. The early pharaohs had difficulty establishing their rule over all Egypt due to the power of local civic and relig ious authorities. ANS: T Legitimating their rule over all Egypt was difficult. Local civic and religious loyalties remained strong, and for centuries Lower Egyptians would continue to se e themselves as distinct in some respects from their neighbors to the south. DIF: Easy REF: p. 21 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, B MSC: Remembering 11. Egyptian and Mesopotamian hierogly phic writing developed independently of one another. ANS: T The development of hieroglyphic writing in Egypt dates to around 3200 B.C.E., when pictographs began to appear in Mesopotamia. But the two scripts are so different that they probably developed in dependently; and the uses of writing for government and administration developed far more quickly in Egypt than in Sumer. DIF: Easy REF: p. 23 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: IV, C; V, C, 1 MSC: Understanding 12. Egypt in the Old and Middle Kingdoms was maintained chiefly through conquest. ANS: F Egypt in the Old and Middle Kingdoms was maintained through trade, shared culture, religion, and language. DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 21 –22| pp. 28 –29 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C, E MSC: Applying 13. The vast majority of Egyptians who built the pyramids were slaves. ANS: F While historians used to believe that the Great Pyramids of Egypt were built by slave labor, it is now thought that they were raised by willing peasants during the Nil e’s annual flooding, when peasants were not engaged in farming. DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C, 2 MSC: Remembering 14. The First Intermediate Period refers to a pe riod in which Egypt ceased to be unified. ANS: T The First Intermediate Period, dating from 2160 to 2055 B.C.E., is a time when t he centralized control of the pharaohs lessened. In some places, local governors and priests emerged as leaders in their community, and it was to those individuals, not the pharaohs, that people looked for security and governance. DIF: Moderate REF: p. 25 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, C, 3 MSC: Applying 15. During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt turned inward and lessened its trade and diplomatic contacts. ANS: F During the Middle Kingdom, Egyp tians began to trade with peoples as far away as modern -day Somalia (and perhaps even farther away) and to have diplomatic ties with Syria and Palestine. Moreover, the Egypt of the Middle Kingdom expanded the territory it directly controlled by expanding s outhward into Nubia. DIF: Moderate REF: p. 28 OBJ: 5. Describe the main differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. TOP: V, E MSC: Understanding ESSAY 1. Why is the “ capacity to produce beer a sure sign of civilization?” ANS: The production of beer is a luxury rather than a necessity. It required several of the noted characteristics of civilization to be present, including the production of a surplus of grain and the ability to dedicate labor to outcomes other than the production of food for subsistence (job specialization). Making beer also required the use of pots, the production of which only occurred on a mass scale after the foundation of cities. The presence of beer also demonstrates the increasing economic stratification that occurs in early cities. DIF: Difficult REF: p. 7 OBJ: 1. Understand the challenges involved in studying the distant past. TOP: III MSC: Applying 2. What innovations characterize the Ne olithic Revolution, and how did these innovations impact Neolithic society?