(Test Bank) Children And Their Development

Kail, 7

Social Science

Test Bank

7th Edition

• $15.00 $50.00

---

Description

Test Bank for Children And Their Development, The downloadable file consists of 526 pages, and the total size of the file is 5.42 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Kail

---

---

Study Note Preview

Test Bank Katie Jacobs, Ph.D. University of Central Missouri Children and Their Development Seventh Edition Robert V. Kail Purdue University Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 1 The Science of Child Development MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.1 Viewing infants as tabula rasas suggests that a. infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes. b. experience will mold infants into unique individuals. c. nature is m ore important than nurture. d. infants are born with a sense of morality. Module: Setting the Stage Answer: b Page ref: 4 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Locke’s tabula rasa is the idea that infants are blank slates on which experienc e writes. LO1: What ideas did philosophers have about children and childhood? 1.2 The idea that the mind of the human infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that a. experience molds each person into a unique individual. b. children should be lef t alone so that their good natures can unfold. c. heredity plays a major role in an individual ’s development. d. infants cannot think because their minds are blank. Module: Setting the Stage Answer: a Page ref: 4 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Locke’s tabula rasa is the idea that infants are blank slates on which experience writes. LO1: What ideas did philosophers have about children and childhood? 1.3 If parents believe that children are tabula rasas at birth, they are likely to a. leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold. b. be very permissive with their children. c. assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children ’s development. d. plan their children ’s experiences from the moment of t heir birth. Module: Setting the Stage Answer: d Page ref: 4 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Locke believed that experience was important to development; therefore parents play an important role in planning their children’s experien ces. LO1: What ideas did philosophers have about children and childhood? 1.4 The French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, believed that a. the human infant is born a tabula rasa . b. infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality. c. experien ce molds each human into a unique individual. d. parents should teach their children rationality and self -control. Module: Setting the Stage Answer: b Page ref: 4 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Rousseau believed that infants are born with an innate sense of justice and morality. LO1: What ideas did philosophers have about children and childhood? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 1.5 Heather believes her 12 -month -old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather ’s beliefs about child rearing are most similar to those of a. Sigmund Freud. c. John Locke. b. Erik Erikson. d. Jean Jacques Rousseau. Module: Setting the Stage Answer: d Page ref: 4 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Rousseau believed in a natural unfolding of a child’s innate sense of justice and morality, a philosophy that formed the basis of the maturational theory. LO1: What ideas did philosophers have about children and childhood? 1.6 Detailed, systematic o bservations of individual children are referred to as a. blank slates. c. mental tests. b. baby biographies. d. critical periods. Module: Setting the Stage Answer: b Page ref: 5 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Baby biographies are de tailed, systematic observations of individual children. The observations in the biographies were often subjective and the conclusions were sometimes reached on the basis of minimal evidence. LO2 : How did the modern science of child development emerge? 1.7 ______________ ____ based his ideas about child development on evolutionary theory and was interested in age-trends in children ’s beliefs and feelings. a. John Locke c. G. Stanley Hall b. Jean Jacque s Rousseau d. Alfred Binet Module: Setting the Stage Answer : c Page ref: 5 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Hall generated theories based on evolutionary theory and conducted studies to determine age trends in children’s beliefs and feelings about a range of topics. LO2 : How did the modern sci ence of child development emerge? 1.8 __________________ uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families. a. Family policy b. Applied developmental science c. A quasi -experimental design d. The Ind ex of Social Health for Children and Youth (ISHCY) Module: Setting the Stage Answer: b Page ref: 6 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: A new branch of child -development research has emerged that is known as applied developmental science, which uses developmental research to promote healthy development. LO3 : How do child -development scientists use research findings to improve children’s lives? 1.9 An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a a. theory. c. tabula rasa . b. critical period. d. case history. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 7 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Theories are organized sets of ideas that are designed to explain and mak e predictions about development. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 1.10 The view that development is a result of the unfolding of a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body is characteristic of a. Konrad Lorenz ’s ethological theory. b. Sigmund Freud ’s psychodynamic theory. c. Erik Erikson ’s psychosocial theory. d. Arnold Gesell ’s maturational theory. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 8 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: This describes maturational theory, which was put forth by Gesell. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological perspective? 1.11 ___________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body. a. Psychodynamic c. Maturational b. Ecological d. Cognitive d evelopmental Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 8 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: According to Gesell, maturational theory reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological perspective? 1.12 Gesell ’s maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of a. Jean Jacques Rousseau. c. John Locke. b. Erik Erikson. d. John Watson. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 8 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: Rousseau believed in a natural unfolding of a child’s innate sense of justice and morality, a perspective very much in keeping with maturational theory. LO4: What are the ma jor tenets of the biological perspective? 1.13 Which of the following theories has a biological perspective? a. Freud ’s psychosexual theory c. Gesell ’s maturational theory b. Bandura ’s social cognitive th eory d. Erikson ’s psychosocial theory Module: Foundatio nal Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 8 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Maturational theory and ethological theory are the two theories with a biological perspective. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biolo gical perspective? 1.14 An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories? a. psychosocial c. maturational b. psychodyna mic d. ethological Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 8 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Ethological theory is based on Darwin’s theory of evolution. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological perspective? 1.15 When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time p eriod, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ___________ for learning that behavior. a. instinct c. blank slate b. critical period d. emotional bond Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 8 Skill: Remember the Fa cts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Ethologists believe that all animals are biologically programmed so that some kinds of learning occur only at certain ages. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological perspective? 1.16 According to ethologists, some behavior s can only be learned a. when the behavior is reinforced and opposing behaviors are punished. b. through observational learning. c. during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behavior. d. when the conflict between b iological drives and society ’s standards is resolved. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 8 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: One tenet of ethological theory is the idea of the critical period. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological perspective? 1.17 Raeann believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive. Raeann ’s beliefs fit most closely with __________ th eory. a. maturational c. learning b. psychodyna mic d. ethological Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 8 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: This describes an evolutionary perspective (survival behavi ors) that is the foundation of the ethological theory. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological perspective? 1.18 Creating an emotional bond with the mother is sometimes called a. self-efficacy. c. imprinting. b. adapting. d. maturation. Module: Foun dational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 8 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Lorenz theorized that imprinting is the creation of an emotional bond with the mother. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological pers pective? 1.19 Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick ’s mother. The chick ’s behavior is a result of a. maturation. c. self-efficacy. b. tabula rasa . d. imprinting. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 8 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Chicks are biologically programmed to follow the first moving object they see, a behavior called imprinting. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological perspective? 1.20 Sigmund Freud ’s psychodynamic theory a. emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development. b. suggests that learning is the key to understanding development. c. suggests that behavior should be cons idered in context. d. emphasizes the importance of maturation. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 9 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Rationale: Freud believed that early experiences establish patterns th at endure throughput a person’s life. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.21 Freud based his psychodynamic theory on a. his patients ’ case histories. c. correlational research studies. b. observations of his children. d. experimental research studies. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 9 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Freud was a physician who specialized in nervous system diseases and he kept detailed patient histories on whi ch he based his theory. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.22 The id a. wants immediate gratification of bodily desires. b. provides a sense of morality. c. works to resolve conflicts. d. presses for socially acceptable actions. Modu le: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 9 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: According to Freud, the id is the reservoir of primitive instincts and drives, focused on immediate gratification of bodily desires. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.23 Hedy lives according to the philosophy “If it feels good, do it. ” Hedy ’s personality appears to be dominated by her a. ego. c. superego. b. imprinting. d. id. Module: Foundational Theories of Ch ild Development Answer: d Page ref: 9 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: According to Freud, the id is the reservoir of primitive instincts and drives, focused on immediate gratification of bodily desires. LO5: How do psychodynamic t heories account for development? 1.24 If an ego could talk, it might say a. “I want to eat NOW! ” b. “Do you think that is the right and honorable way to act? ” c. “Let’s see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally. ” d. “Is that what your mother woul d do? ” Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 9 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: The ego mediates between the superego and the id; it is the rational part of the mind. LO5: How do psychodynamic t heories account for development? 1.25 The moral agent in a child ’s personality is the a. ego. c. primitive instincts. b. superego. d. id. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 9 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Ratio nale: The superego is the “moral agent” in the child’s personality, which emerges during preschool as children begin to internalize adult standards of right and wrong. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.26 During recess Melissa notic ed that another girl dropped the doll she was playing with. According to Freud’s theory, Melissa’s ___________ would tell her to grab the doll and keep it as her own whereas her ___________ would tell her that taking another girl’s doll would be wrong. a. id; ego c. superego; id b. superego; ego d. id; superego Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 9 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: According to Freud, the id wants immediate gratification of needs and w ants, whereas the superego reflects the internalized standards of right and wrong. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.27 Psychosocial theory is associated with a. Arnold Gesell. c. Erik Erikson. b. Sigmund Freud. d. Albert Bandura. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 9-10 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Erikson was the founder of psychosocial theory. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.28 Erikson emphasiz ed a. psychological and social aspects of development. b. biological and physical aspects of development. c. environmental influences on development. d. cognitive development. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 9 Skill : Understand the Concepts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Erikson’s theory deals with eight stages of psychosocial development. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.29 Erikson proposed a _________ theory in which development consists of a s equence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge. a. biological c. psychosocial b. learning d. cognitive -developmental Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 9-10 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Erikson’s theory focuses on psychosocial development. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.30 The first of Erikson ’s stages focuses on the issue of a. industry vs. inferiority. c. trust vs. mistrust. b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt. d. identity vs. identity confusion. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 10 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Erikson’s first stage, from birth to 1 year, is basic trust versus mistrust. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.31 Erikson ’s theory suggests that 16 -year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of a. realizing that he is an independent person. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 b. establishing an intimate relationship with another person. c. developing a sense of trust in the world. d. developing a sense of his own identity. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 10 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: An adolescent would be in the stage of i dentity versus identity confusion, where the challenge is to develop an identity. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.32 In Erikson ’s psychosocial theory, a. outcomes of earlier stages influence how well children deal with the challe nges of later stages. b. each stage is self -contained and has no influence on other stages. c. physical aspects of development are more important than social aspects of development. d. the same challenges are faced over and over again in each stage. Module : Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 10 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Erikson believed that how one resolves conflicts in earlier stages influences later stages. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.33 Jaraan was never really able to answer the question “Who am I? ” as a teenager. Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will a. be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living. b. establish a loving r elationship with another person. c. develop the ability to try new things and handle failure. d. have difficulty forming intimate relationships. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 10 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: An unsuccessful resolution to an earlier stage will cause problems in the next stage. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.34 According to Erikson ’s theory of psychosocial development, development is a. the resu lt of a natural unfolding of biological plans. b. determined by the resolution of conflicts between one ’s biological drives and society ’s standards of right and wrong. c. the result of children ’s attempts to understand their worlds. d. determined by child ren’s resolution of psychological and social crises. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 10 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Erikson believed that development involved the resolution of psychoso cial crises. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.35 Experience plays the most important role in which of the following theories? a. maturational c. ethological b. cognitive -developmental d. learning Module: Foundational Theories of Ch ild Development Answer: d Page ref: 10 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Experience plays the biggest role in behaviorist theories like learning theories. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 1.36 Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development? a. Sigmund Freud c. Jean Piaget b. John Watson d. Konrad Lorenz Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 10 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: John Wats on was the first to apply learning theories to child development. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.37 Nehama believes that we could totally understand why children behave as they do if we would just look at the rewards and punishments they ’ve re ceived for their behaviors in the past. Nehama looks at child development as a(n) __________ theorist does. a. ecological c. psychodynamic b. cognitive -developmental d. learning Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 10 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Reinforcement and punishment is a key tenet of learning theories. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.38 B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with which of the following concepts? a. imprint ing c. operant conditioning b. self-efficacy d. observational learning Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 10 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: B. F. Skinner was a leading researcher in the field of o perant conditioning. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.39 Carol begged her father for some candy when they were in the grocery store. Eventually, Carol ’s father gave in and bought Carol some candy. According to theories of operant conditioning, wh at is likely to happen the next time Carol and her father go to the grocery store? a. Carol will not beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time that they were in the store. b. Carol will not beg for candy because her father reinf orced her begging the last time that they were in the store. c. Carol will beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store. d. Carol will beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time the y were in the store. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 10 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Because Carol’s behavior was positively reinforced (with candy) she will be likely to repeat that behavi or in the future. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.40 When 8-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A ’s, his parents gave him one dollar for each “A.” Chris ’s parents were attempting to use __________ to shape Chris ’s future behavior . a. negative reinforcement c. punishment b. positive reinforcement d. self-efficacy Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 10 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: It is reinforcement because the parent s want Chris to repeat the behavior (all A’s) in the future. It is positive reinforcement because something desirable was added (money). LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 1.41 Whenever Krysia hung up her coat and put away her backpack after school, she was excused from setting the table, a chore she detests. Krysia ’s parents were using __________ to modify her behavior. a. self-efficacy c. negative reinforcement b. punishment d. positive reinforcement Module: Foundational Theories of Child Developmen t Answer: c Page ref: 10 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: It is reinforcement because her parents want Krysia to repeat the behavior (put away coat and backpack) in the future. It is negative reinforcement because something unde sirable was taken away (setting the table). LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.42 A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called a. positive reinforcement. c. extinction. b. negative reinforcement. d. punishment. Module: Foun dational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 10 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Negative reinforcement consists of rewarding people by taking away unpleasant things. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.43 Seth failed to put away his bicycle at n ight as he was supposed to. His father told him that he would not be allowed to ride his bicycle for one week. Seth’s father tried to change Seth ’s behavior by using a. punishment. c. positive reinforcement. b. extinction . d. negative reinforcement. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 11 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Punishment is used when you want to prevent a behavior from occurring in the future. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.44 A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows is called a. positive reinforcement. c. self-efficacy. b. negative reinforcement. d. punishment. Module: Foundational Theories of Child D evelopment Answer: d Page ref: 11 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Punishment suppresses a behavior by either adding something aversive or withholding a pleasant event. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.45 Frank was watchin g a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy. Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe’s toy just as the cartoon character had done on the TV show. According to social cog nitive theory, Frank has just demonstrated a. observational learning. c. reinforcement. b. punishment. d. imprinting. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 11 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Imitat ing an action that you have seen modeled is an example of observational learning. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 1.46 Amanda noticed that whenever other children asked a question in class, their teacher seemed to get mad at them. Amanda decided n ot to ask her teacher for help, even though she needed it and her teacher had neve r seemed to be angry with her. Amanda ’s behavior was shaped by a. positive reinforcement. c. observational learning. b. negative reinforcement. d. self-efficacy. Module: Foun dational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 11 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Watching and learning from the consequences of another’s behavior is an example of observational learning. LO6: What is the focus of lea rning theories? 1.47 Nate watched a nother boy pull a girl’s hair. Nate is most likely to imitate the boy ’s behavior if a. the boy is not very popular. b. a teacher sends Nate to time -out. c. the girl smiled at the boy after he pulled her hair. d. the boy is n ot very smart. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 11 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: Learning from watching the consequences of another’s behavior is an example of observational learning. The refore, Nate is most likely to imitate the behavior if the consequences are positive (e.g., the girl smiles). LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.48 Six-year-old Sarah had been watching her older brother and sister in swim meets for several years. S arah believed she was a good swimmer, too, and eagerly entered her first swim meet shortly after she turned 6. Bandura would say that __________ played a role in Sarah ’s desire to imitate her siblings. a. genetic factors c. punishment b. self-efficacy d. negative reinforcement Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 11 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Sarah’s belief that she is a good swimmer is an example of self -efficacy. LO6: What is the focus of le arning theories? 1.49 One difference between Skinner ’s operant conditioning and Bandura ’s social cognitive theory is that a. Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development , while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the enviro nment. b. Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not. c. Skinner believes that self -efficacy influences behavior while Bandura does not. d. Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: a Page ref: 11 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: For Skinner, children were the passive recipients of the environment’s rewards and punishments, whereas Bandura believes that children play a more active (cognitive) role in their development through observational learning. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.50 The cognitive -developmental perspective is mainly concerned with a. experience. c. thinking. b. personality. d. context. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Answer: c Page ref: 11 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Cognitive means thinking. LO7: How do cognitive -developmental theories explain changes in children’s thinking? 1.51 Jean Piaget is associated with ___________ theory. a. ecological c. learning b. psychodynamic d. cognitive -developmental Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 11 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Piaget was the creator of the best known of the cognitive -developmental theories. LO7: How do cognitive -developmental theories explain changes in children’s thinking? 1.52 Piaget believed that children a. are passively shaped by their experiences. b. actively try to make sense of their world. c. learn through a series of reinforcements and punishments. d. face a series of conflicts or challenges as they develop. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 12 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Piaget believed that children were like scientists, actively experimenting and testing their beliefs of the world around them. LO7: How do cognitive -developmental theories explain changes in children’s thinking? 1.53 Jean Piaget ’s theory of cognitive development focused on a. the resolution of psychological crises. b. improvements in mental hardware and software. c. children ’s creation of “theories ” that help them understand their worlds. d. adaptive behaviors that are learned durin g critical periods. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 12 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Piaget believed that children were like scientists, actively experimenting and testing their beliefs and theories of the world around them. LO7: How do cognitive -developmental theories explain changes in children’s thinking? 1.54 Your neighbor tells you about his little boy who is always manipulating objects “just like a scientist trying to test his theory ab out the world .” Having just read the first chapter of your child development textbook, you reply, “You sound just like a. B.F. Skinner! ” c. Urie Bronfenbrenner! ” b. Sigmund Freud! ” d. Jean Piaget! ” Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer : d Page ref: 12 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Piaget believed that children were like scientists, actively experimenting and testing their beliefs of the world around them. LO7: How do cognitive -developmental theories explain ch anges in children’s thinking? 1.55 Piaget stated that children ’s theories about the world a. remain the same until adulthood. b. undergo three major changes during development. c. are never tested by the children. d. are based on what adults tell them. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 12 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Piaget’s theory is a stage theory with four stages; therefore children undergo three major qualitative changes during developme nt. LO7: How do cognitive -developmental theories explain changes in children’s thinking? 1.56 Which shows the correct sequence of Piaget ’s stages of cognitive development? a. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, and sensorimotor b. sensor imotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational d. concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, and preoperational Module: Foundational Theories o f Child Development Answer: c Page ref: 12 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Sensorimotor (birth – 2), preoperational ( 2 – 7), concrete operational ( 7 – 11), and formal operational (adolescence and beyond) is the correct order. LO7: How do cognitive -developmental theories explain changes in children’s thinking? 1.57 __________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children. a. Piaget c. Freud b. Skinner d. Vygotsky Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 13 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Vygotsky’s theory is a contextual theory that emphasizes the importance of culture. LO8: What are the main elements of the contextual approach? 1.58 According to __________ children develop when they work with skilled adults, including parents and teachers. a. Piaget c. Freud b. Skinner d. Vygotsky Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 14 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Vygotsky’s theory is a contextual theory that emphasizes the importance of culture. LO8: What are the main elements of the contextual approach? 1.59 According to __________ theory, development is a result of how conflicts are resolved. a. biological c. cognitive -developmental b. learning d. psychodynamic Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: d Page ref: 14 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Freud’s psychodynamic theory involves the resolution of co nflicts at each stage. LO5: How do psychodynamic theories account for development? 1.60 Biology is to environment as __________ theory is to __________ theory. a. maturational; Skinner ’s operant conditioning b. psychosocial; ethological c. Piaget ’s; Freud ’s d. psychodynamic, Erikson ’s psychosocial Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Answer: a Page ref: 14 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: Biology is connected to the maturational theory while environment is connect ed to Skinner’s operant conditioning theory. LO4: What are the major tenets of the biological perspective? LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.61 One example of a theory with a learning perspective is a. Erikson ’s theory. c. Piaget ’s theory. b. Band ura’s social cognitive theory. d. Freud ’s theory. Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development Answer: b Page ref: 14 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Bandura’s theory is based on the learning perspective of Skinner. LO6: What is the focus of learning theories? 1.62 The idea of continuity in development a. is consistent with the view that behavior during the preschool years is not related to behavior during later childhood. b. means that development in one domain is related to development in other domains. c. is consistent with the view that early development is related to later development. d. means that development is jointly influenced by heredity and environment. Module: Themes in Child -Development Research Answer: c Page ref: 15 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: Continuity means that earlier aspects relate to later aspects of development. LO9: How well can developmental outcome s be predicted from early life? 1.63 Yvonne was a busy, energetic chi ld who grew up to be a busy, energetic adult. Yvonne provides an example of a. the influence of nurture on development. b. continuity in development. c. the connectedness of different domains of development. d. the active role of the child in development. Module: Themes in Child -Development Research Answer: b Page ref: 15 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: Continuity means that earlier aspects relate to later aspects of development. LO9: How well can developmental outcomes be predict ed from early life? 1.64 The continuity -discontinuity issue addresses the question of whether a. genes or environment are most important. b. development in different domains is related. c. children actively influence their own development. d. early development is related to later development. Module: Themes in Child -Development Research Answer: d Page ref: 15-16 Skill: Remember the Facts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Continuity means that earlier aspects relate to later aspects of development. LO9: How well can developmental outcomes be predicted from early life? 1.65 The nature -nurture issue is concerned with a. the connection of development in one domain to development in other domains. b. the role that children play in influencing their own development. c. the ro les that biology and environment play in development. d. how early development is related to later development. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Module: Themes in Child -Development Research Answer: c Page ref: 16 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 1-Easy Rationale: Nature = genetics and biology, and nurture = environment. LO10: How do heredity and environment influence development? 1.66 Jackie feels that superior genes are the primary reason her daughter Jacqueline is intellectually gifted. Jackie believes in the importance of a. the act ive child. c. nature. b. continuity. d. the connection of domains. Module: Themes in Child -Development Research Answer: c Page ref: 16 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 2-Medium Rationale: The nature part of the nature -nurture issue deals with genes an d biology. LO10: How do heredity and environment influence development? 1.67 Ximena and Chris believe that they don ’t need to worry about parenting their new son, Brant, because he was born with a good nature and his good nature will determine his outcomes in life. Chris and Ximena ’s views of parenting are consistent with the __________ of the __________ issue. a. nature; nature -nurture c. connection; connection of domains b. passive; active -passive child d. discontinuity ; continuity -discontinuity Module: Theme s in Child -Development Research Answer: a Page ref: 16 Skill: Apply What You Know Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: This is a nature -nurture issue, with Ximena and Chris falling on the nature (genetics) side. LO10: How do heredity and environment influence development? 1.68 Travis insists that people are the masters of their own destinies. Travis believes in a. the active child. c. continuity. b. the passive child. d. discontinuity. Module: Themes in Child -Development Research Answer: a Page ref: 16 Skill: Understand the Concepts Level: 2-Medium Rationale: The active child side of the active -passive child issue holds that children influence their own development through their own individual characteristics. LO11: What role do children have in their own devel opment? 1.69 Michael and Lisa are new parents and they believe that their actions will influence their new son. They don ’t think that their son ’s behavior will influence their parenting. Michael and Lisa ’s views of parenting are consistent with the ________ po sition of the ________ issue. a. nature; nature -nurture c. connection; connection of domains b. passive; active -passive child d. continuity; continuity -discontinuity Module: Themes in Child -Development Research Answer: b Page ref: 16 Skill: Understand th e Concepts Level: 3-Difficult Rationale: This is an active -passive child issue, with Michael and Lisa falling on the passive child (at the mercy of the environment) side. LO11: What role do children have in their own development? 1.70 John Locke ’s views are consistent with a. the idea that development in different domains is connected. b. a passive view of the child. c. an emphasis on nature. d. a view of development as discontinuous.