(Test Bank) Introduction to Criminology, Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior

Hagan, 9

Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Test Bank for Introduction to Criminology, Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior, 9e Frank Hagan (All Chapters ) Hagan, Introduction to Criminology 9e Chap ter 1 1. The field that attempts to define, explain, and predict criminal behavior is known as: a. Criminalistics b. Applied criminology *c. Criminology d. Theology 2. Prohibition had the in tended goa l of forbidding alcohol consumption to reduce substance abuse. This intended goal is an example of: *a. A manifest function of the law b. A latent function of the law c. Mala en se d. Undercriminalization 3. According to French sociol ogist Augu ste Comte, the last stage of the progression of knowledge is: a. Theological b. Metaphysical *c. Scientific d. Postmodernist 4. Most of the modern -day developments in criminology have taken place in which country? a. England b. Italy c. Spain *d. United States 5. Behavior that is outside the range of normal societal toleration is best described as: a. Criminal *b. Deviant c. Felonious d. Mala in se 6. As society becomes increasingly complex and heterogeneous, which of the f ollowing is typically true of society's efforts to maintain order? a. Society becomes increasingly reliant on informal methods of social control. *b. Society becomes increasingly reliant on formal, codified laws. c. Society becomes entirely reliant upo n police a nd the criminal justice system. d. Society becomes more reliant on religious organizations. 7. Which of the following is true of laws? a. Laws are the most efficient means of social control. b. Laws define which behaviors classify as "devi ant" in a given society. c. Laws can be enforced by either political or moral authorities. *d. Laws become more common when informal methods of social control are weakened. 8. Which of the following is an example of a person violating a folkway? *a. Johnny wa s eating dinner at a friend's house and openly expressed distaste for the meal being served. b. Jenny hadn't studied for her calculus exam, so she copied answers from the student sitting next to her. c. Jessica was bored on a Friday night, so s he stole a car to go joyriding. d. Joe killed a bartender in a botched robbery attempt. 9. Prohibition had the unintended effect of increasing corruption, disobedience, and public disrespect for the law. This unintended effect is an example of: a. A manifest f unction of law *b. A latent function of law c. Mala in Se d. Mens Rea 10. Gemeinschaft refers to: *a. A communal society that predominantly relies on informal methods of social control b. A heterogeneous society in which codified laws ar e necessar y to maintain control c. A view that holds that law is a means of preserving the status quo on behalf of the powerful d. A person who has a strong knowledge of law and criminal justice procedures 11. The argument that drug laws are a tool fo r the weal thy to control the dangerous classes is consistent with the: *a. Conflict view of crime b. Purist legal view of crime c. Consensus view of crime d. Metaphysical view of crime 12. Overall crime rates: a. Remain stable across societies an d through time b. Tend to be stable across societies, but fluctuate over time c. Vary across societies, but within a particular society tend to be stable over time *d. Vary by social and historical context 13. The residents of country X have diverse viewpoints regarding which behaviors are considered moral. People in this society tend to be individualistic, which may be a product of the economic structure, which is characterized by extensive division of labor. Country X would be considered a: a. Gem einschaft society *b. Gesellschaft society c. Theocratic society d. Communal society 14. Famed sociologist Émile Durkheim argued that crime is normal. By this, he meant that: a. Criminals should be viewed no differently than non -criminals within so ciety. b. Criminal labels are arbitrary and serve no function in society; thus, criminal law should be abolished. *c. Crime is a predictable product of, and in some ways a useful element of, the structure of society. d. Crime is so pervasive in society that it be comes normalized. 15. The use of philosophy, rationality , and logical argument to explain crime is most reflective of which stage of the progression of knowledge? a. Theological *b. Metaphysical c. Scientific d. Futuristic 16. Driving 26 miles p er hour in an area where the speed limit is 25 miles per hour would best be described as an act: a. Mala in se *b. Mala prohibita c. Of overcriminalization d. Of felonious proportions 17. Mores are: a. Norms that are preferred, but carr y no serio us consequences if broken b. The comprehensive set of morals in a given society *c. Strong norms that carry sanctions /punishment if broken d. Always codified into law 18. A particular crime is punishable by 5 years in prison; this crime is most likel y: a. A misdemeanor *b. A felony c. A folkway d. Mens rea 19. Which of the following is not a characteristic of criminal law? a. It is assumed by political authority. b. It contains penal sanctions. c. It is uniformly applied. *d. It must be a dministered by federal authorities. 20. Criminology is considered a sub -discipline of: a. Biology b. Psychology *c. Sociology d. Theology 21. Corporate violence, racism, structured inequality, and systematic wrongdoing by political offi cials are examples of: a. Overcriminalization *b. Undercriminalization c. Felonies d. Misdemeanors 22. Being arrested for possession of marijuana would best be described as an act : a. that is Mala in se *b. that is Mala Prohibita c. that vio lates folk ways d. of deviance 23. The belief that criminal law originates from an agreement among members of society is consistent with: *a. Consensus perspective b. Conflict perspective c. Interactionist perspective d. State perspective 24. Crime has evolved over time. The most common types of criminals observed during the 1970s included: a. Bank robbers, burglars, and car thieves b. Revolutionaries and radicals *c. Organized criminals and terrorists d. Serial murderers and drug offe nders 25. The early writings of this man, including his famous essay, On Crimes and Punishments, led to the reform of criminal law in Western Europe. a. Auguste Comte b. Emile’ Durkeim c. Edwin Sutherland *d. Cesare Beccaria 26. True or False? Crime as a violation of criminal law can only have negative consequences for the social solidarity of any society. a. True *b. False 27. True or False? Changes in the law may be needed in an effort to define and sanction conduct related to technolog y. *a. Tr ue b. False 28. True or False? "Deviant behavior" is defined as "behavior which is in violation of written laws." a. True *b. False 29. True or False? Definitions of deviance are relative to the time, place, and person(s) making the eva luation. *a. True b. False 30. True or False? Folkways refer to serious customs that involve moral judgments as well as sanctions. a. True *b. False 31. True or False? As society becomes more complex, it becomes increasingly reliant on informal methods o f social control to maintain order. a. True *b. False 32. True or False? Criminologists have a clear understanding of the economic , social, and psychological impact s of crime. a. True *b. False 33. True or False? The field of criminal istics is focused on the scientific evaluation of physical evidence. *a. True b. False 34. True or False? Gambling is an act that would be considered mala prohibita. *a. True b. False 35. True or False? Despite its American roots, most of the m ajor devel opments in modern criminology took place in Europe. a. True *b. False 36. Laws, which are codified rules of behavior, represent informal methods of attempting to assure social control. a. True *b. False 37. Many of the early cr iminologic al theories provided biological frameworks that have only recently been considered in the U.S. *a. True b. False 38. In decades past, societies possessed cultural values that were practices and beliefs intended to benefit a group of people . Cultura l values do not hold the same level of importance today. a. True *b. False 39. The government requires that federal courts allow cameras in the court room during trials. a. True *b. False 40. Practicing bad manners such as putting el bows on th e table while eating is an example of Sumner’s mores. a. True *b. False 41. Provide one example of a folkway in contemporary U.S. society. Correct Answer: Examples: No elbows on the table; treat your elders with respect; shake a person's hand at a firs t meeting; chew with your mouth closed; wear clothing appropriate to the social situation 42. Identify one manifest function of a law prohibiting marijuana possession. Correct Answer: Example: Reducing the presence of marijuana in society 43. List the three models of the origin of criminal law. Correct Answer: Conflict , consensus , and interactionist 44. List Sumner's three types of norms in order from least to greatest. Correct Answer: Folkways, mores, and laws 45. Identify the t hree stage s of knowledge outlined by Auguste Comte. Correct Answer: Theological, metaphysical (philosophical), scientific 46. Provide an example of an act that is considered mala in se. Correct Answer: Examples: Rape, murder 47. Identify two char acteristic s of a Gesellschaft society. Correct Answer: Complex, individualistic, extensive division of labor, secular, heterogeneous, and heavily reliant on social controls 48. Define mens rea. Correct Answer: Criminal intent or "guilty mind" 49. Criminolo gy is a sub -discipline of ________________. Correct Answer: Sociology 50. When the criminal law fails to prohibit acts that many feel are mala in se, it is a phenomenon known as ________________. Correct Answer: Undercriminalization 51. Is crimin ology a science? Discuss and defend your view. Correct Answer: Criminology is generally defined as the science or discipline that studies crime and criminal behavior. Specifically, the field of criminology concentrates on forms of criminal beha vior, the causes of crime, the definition of criminality, and the societal reaction to criminal activity; related areas of inquiry may include juvenile delinquency and victimology (the study of victims). While there is considerable overlap between criminol ogy and cr iminal justice, criminology shows a greater interest in the causal explanations of crime, whereas criminal justice is more occupied with practical, applied concerns, such as technical aspects of policing and corrections. In reality, the fields ar e highly c omplementary and interrelated, as indicated by overlapping membership in the two professional organizations representative of the fields: the American Society of Criminology and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences 52. Identify the crite ria that m ust be met in the U.S. criminal law in order for an act to be considered a crime. Correct Answer: The act is prohibited by law and contains legally prescribed punishments. A criminal act must have taken place. Social harm of a conscious, volun tary natur e is required meaning there must be injury to the state of to the people. The act is performed intentionally, although cases of negligence and omission may be exceptions. The voluntary misconduct must be causally related to the harm, meaning it must be s hown that the decision or act directly or indirectly caused harm. 53. Describe the difference between overcriminalization and undercriminalization. Provide several examples of each. Correct Answer: Overcriminalization describes overextensio n of crimi nal law to penalize acts that are inappropriately or not responsibly enforced by such meausres. Examples include morality crimes such as drug use, sexual conduct, and other behavior that does not involve a clear victim. Undercriminalization ref ers to the fact that the criminal law fails to prohibit acts that many feel should be criminalized. Examples include corporate violence, racism, structured inequality, and systematic wrongdoing by political officials. 54. In criminological/sociological study, wha t are some of the limitations to defining "crime" as only those actions in violation of criminal law? Do you feel that criminologists should limit their study in this way? Support your response. Correct Answer: This would relegate the field of criminolog y to a position as status quo handmaiden of political systems. Hitler's genocide or Stalin's purges were accepted conduct within their political ideological systems. Criminologists must study the deviants -the criminals -as well as the social struc tural cont exts that define them. To provide additional perspectives on crime it is sometimes viewed in ways other than those suggested by the standard legal defi¬nitions. Such alternatives define crime in terms of the type of victim (child abuse), the type of offend er (white collar crime), the object of the crime (property crime), or the method of criminal activity (organized crime). Such definitions usually cover one or more of the standard legal definitions. For example, organized crime may include fraud, extortion , assault, or homicide. What is considered criminal changes over time and within societies. 55. Describe the relationship between the law and informal methods of social control, both over time and in the contemporary United States. Correct A nswer: Laws represent formal modes of control, codified rules of behavior. If one accepts the consensus model of law (to be discussed shortly), laws represent an institutionalization or "crystallization" of the mores. Informally, society controls the actio ns of indi viduals through acceptance or lack thereof. . Folkways are the least serious norms and refer to usages, traditions, customs, or niceties that are preferred, but are not subject to serious sanctions: manners, etiquette, and dress styles, for examp le. Mores refer to more serious customs that involve moral judgments as well as sanctions (rewards or punishments). The mores cover prohibitions against behaviors that are felt to be seriously threatening to a group's way of life. Our previous examples of lying, che ating, stealing, and killing are most certainly included in the mores. Both folkways and mores are examples of informal modes of social control and are characteristic of small, homogeneous cultures that feature simple technology and wide -scale co nsensus. 56. What is the difference between acts that are considered mala prohibita and mala in se? Give examples of both. Correct Answer: Acts that are defined as mala prohibita refer to those that are "bad because they have been prohibited." That is , such act s are not viewed as bad in themselves but are violations because the law defines them as such. Traffic violations, gambling, and infractions of various munici­pal ordinances might serve as examples. Such laws are viewed as assisting human groups in making life more predictable and orderly, but disobedience carries little stigma other than (usually) fines. The criminalization of such acts might be viewed as institutionalization of folkways. On the other hand, acts mala in se are "acts bad in themse lves," for bidden behaviors for which there is wide -scale consensus on the mores for prohibition. The universality of laws against murder, rape, assault, and the like, irrespective of political or economic systems, bears witness to the lack of societal conf lict in institutionalizing such laws. One can note that not all deviant acts are criminal, nor are all criminal acts necessarily deviant, assuming that laws against many acts mala prohibita are commonly violated. 57. What were Émile Durkheim's ideas con cerning so cial change and crime? Correct Answer: Crime is normal, is a functional necessity in a healthy society, and helps to reinforce social solidarity. 58. The Consensus Model reflects the____________ of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau. Correct Answ er: Social contract theory 59. What are the four characteristics of law? Correct Answer: It is assumed by political authority; it must be specific, defining both the offense and the prescribed punishment; the law is uniformly applied; the law contains penal san ctions enforced by the state. 60. Provide the definition of a misdemeanor and an example. Correct Answer: Less serious offenses punished by less than a year in jail; speeding, public lewdness, petty theft, public intoxication, simple assault , trespass ing, indecent exposure Hagan, Introduction to Criminology 9e Chap ter 2 1. The primary source of official crime statistics in the United States is the annual _______ published by the FBI. a. NIBRS report b. NCVS *c. UCR d. self -report survey 2. The crime ___ ____ is th e actual number of reported crimes standardized by some unit of the population. a. statistic b. degree c. ratio *d. rate 3. Which of the following is commonly used to refer to the number of crimes that are committed, but which never come to offici al attention? a. The hidden crime rate *b. The dark figure of crime c. Unknown deviance d. The indexed crimes 4. Which of the following sources of data includes detailed information on criminal incidents, including location, time, and pre sence of w eapon? a. UCR b. NCVS *c. NIBRS d. DSM -V 5. A criminologist wants to gain an in -depth understanding of the subculture of a street gang in a particular city. Which of the following methods would be the most appropriate method for obtainin g such an understanding? a. Using existing sources of official data b. Distributing self -report surveys c. Running an experiment under laboratory conditions *d. Engaging in an ethnography 6. While there is not complete consensus, in defining who should be considered "criminal," criminologists most strongly agree that the term should be used for which of the following? a. Those who have been convicted of a crime b. Those who have committed deviant acts before the age of 12 c. Those who are of a "criminal mind" *d. Long -term recidivists who have repeatedly been found guilty 7. Which of the following refers to "consistency and/or stability of measurement"? a. Validity *b. Reliability c. Triangulation d. Unobtrusiveness 8. A criminologi st wants t o learn about the rate of drug use among adolescents. To do this, the criminologist would be best -served by referencing which of the following sources? a. UCR b. NCVS *c. Self -report surveys d. Case studies 9. A criminologist wants to gai n an in -depth understanding of the socialization process of a state police academy. Which of the following methods would be the most appropriate method for obtaining such an understanding? a. Using existing sources of official data b. Distributing self -report sur veys c. Running an experiment under laboratory conditions *d. Engaging in participant observation 10. Which of the following is true of participant observation in the field of criminology? a. The researcher should carefully conceal his or her real i dentity and pretend to be part of the group being studied. b. Tape recorders should be used in the field to ensure accuracy of data. *c. Participant observation is a valuable methodology for studying groups that have historically been little -understood. d. Participant observation is a good way of obtaining quantitative data on various criminal phenomena. 11. A criminologist decides to study the way in which violent crime is portrayed in newspaper headlines. This type of research is known as: a. Medi a survey *b. Content analysis c. Simulation d. Secondary analysis 12. A criminologist decides to compile what is currently known about domestic violence; the criminologist does this by analyzing the data collected in a number of previous studies on t he topic. This type of research is known as: a. Content analysis b. Media survey c. Participant observation *d. Secondary analysis 13. A criminologist decides to study marijuana use among college students. To do this, the criminologist co nducts a s urvey of the students, reviews police records of drug offenses near the campus, and engages in participant observation. Overall, this approach is representative of which of the following? a. Simulation b. Secondary analysis *c. Triangulation d. Unobtr usive measures 14. Which of the following is an index offense on the Uniform Crime Report? *a. Arson b. Embezzlement c. Public drunkenness d. Traffic violations 15. The "crime index" reflects which of the following? a. The nation's m urder rate *b. Part I offenses on the UCR c. Part II offenses on the UCR d. The rate of violent victimizations reported on the NCVS 16. Which of the following agencies is responsible for the publication of the UCR? a. Central Intelligence Agency *b. Federal Bureau of Investigation c. Secret Service d. U.S. Marshalls 17. A fanatical adherence to a particular research method, often at the expense of a concern for substance, is known as which of the following? *a. Methodological narcissism b. Research i ncoherence c. Telescopic visioning d. Triangulation 18. The use of pretests and posttests applies to which of the following research methodologies? a. Ethnography *b. Experimentation c. Participant observation d. Secondary analysis 19. As an i ndependent field, criminology has: a. Largely disregarded the issue of ethics in research *b. Long recognized the ethical codes of its parent disciplines, but only recently begun to adopt its own ethical guidelines c. Long relied upon its own code of e thics, compiled by the American Society of Criminology since the early 1900s d. Long relied upon its own code of ethics, compiled by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences since the early 1900s 20. If a criminologist conducts a study of an issue tha t he or she feels strongly about, there may be issues with the researcher remaining: a. Reliable b. Triangulated *c. Objective d. Operationalized 21. When conducting research with human participants, criminologists must de velop a system of mutual trust and obligation between the researcher and subject. This is referred to as: a. Reliability b. Objectivity c. Validity *d. Reciprocity 22. If participants in an experiment have an equal probability of being ass igned to the experimental group or the control group, this is accomplished through: a. Methodological narcissim *b. Random Assignment c. Pretests d. Posttests 23. The Department of Justice evaluates “what works” in c riminology and criminal justice on the assumption that it makes little sense to continue to invest in programs that do not work. This describes: a. Scared Straight b. Uniform Crime Report *c. Evidence -based research d. Hands -on rese arch 24. A criminologist visits the Library of Congress to analyze letters and political correspondence of Martin Luther King, Jr. This research method is which of the following? *a. Life history b. Simulation c. Trace Analysis d. Simple o bservation 25. A criminologist secretly studies groups by temporarily deceiving them as to his or her real purpose. This describes which research method? a. Participant observtion *b. Disguised observation c. Ethnography d. Simulatio n 26. True or False? Criminologists agree that quantitative research is a means of inquiry superior to qualitative methods. a. True *b. False 27. True or False? The majority of crimes committed in the United States are not "index offenses ." *a. T rue b. False 28. True or False? The "dark figure of crime" refers specifically to the body of organized crime syndicates that operate in the United States. a. True *b. False 29. True or False? Triangulation involves the use of multiple methods to measure a given phenomenon. *a. True b. False 30. True or False? Participant observation is the best method for obtaining quantitative data regarding crime. a. True *b. False 31. True or False? The National Incident -Based Reporting S ystem (NIB RS) was first implemented in the 1930s. a. True *b. False 32. True or False? In the context of research methods, "reliability" refers to the accuracy of measurement. a. True *b. False 33. True or False? Researchers may misuse their po sitions as fraudulent pretext for gathering information as long as they fully report their findings. a. True *b. False 34. True or False? Most crimes committed are index crimes. a. True *b. False 35. True or False? Liquor law offenses are class ified as Part I index offenses on the UCR. a. True *b. False 36. Criminologists prefer using ethnography as a research method because it is not as time consuming as some of the other methods. a. True *b. False 37. Criminology’s subject matter is co ncerned wi th human behavior but not attitudes. a. True *b. False 38. Information on the volume of Part I and II offenses known to law enforcement, those cleared by arrest exceptional means, and the number of persons arrested is reported to the FBI monthl y. a. True *b. False 39. Qualitative techniques involve more engagement with field and observational strategies and less direct means of obtaining information. *a. True b. False 40. When conducting an experiment, the control group receive s the trea tment and the experimental group does not. a. True *b. False 41. Briefly describe Stanley Milgram’s Obedience to Authority study . Correct Answer: Milgram wanted to discover how “normal” people come to commit monstrous acts. Volunteers were re cruited an d paid to act as “teachers” while fake subjects acted as “learners.” The teachers were deceived into believing that each time they threw a lever on a shock apparatus, they were administering higher levels of shock to the pupils. The teachers we re willing to administer what they believed were painful shocks despite cries to sstop from the subjects, when assured by the presence of scientific authorities. 42. Identify the three ways that researchers obtain information regarding crime. Correct Answer: Examples: Surveys; official police records; participant observation; secondary analysis; experiments 43. What does "UCR" stand for? Correct Answer: Uniform Crime Report 44. Identify one weakness of victimization surveys. Correct Answer: Possibilit ies: Need for large sample sizes; false or mistaken reports; memory failure; telescoping of events; sampling bias; over -reporting 45. Identify one advantage that NIBRS has over the UCR as a source of crime data. Correct Answer: Examples: It will colle ct more information on each incident; it will distinguish attempted from completed offenses 46. Provide a brief description of "participant observation" as a research method. Correct Answer: The researcher studies or observes a group through varying d egrees of participation in the activities of that group. 47. Define "reliability" as it relates to research. Correct Answer: The consistency and/or stability of measurement 48. Identify one weakness of self -report surveys. Correct Answe r: Example s: Inaccurate responses; typical reliance on "captive" audiences 49. Discuss how participant observation differs from ethnography. Correct Answer: While both methods involve a researcher participating in activities with the research subjects, ethnograp hy involves the researcher becoming immersed in the culture being studied while participant observers do not. 50. Identify the two categories of Part I Index Crimes. Correct Answer: Part I violent crimes and Part I property crimes 51. Discu ss the rel ative strengths and weaknesses of the UCR and NCVS in assessing the number of rapes that occur in the United States in a given year. Which do you feel is a stronger tool for this purpose? Support your answer. Correct Answer: UCR -strength: becau se rape is a more serious and violent crime it is more likely to be reported, has different definitions of rape such as forcible rape and sex offenses; weakness: not all crime committed is reported, not all reported crimes are recorded by the police, some agencies m ay purposely conceal recorded crimes, hierarchy rule makes is harder to make certain all rapes are recorded 52. As a criminologist, you are tasked with studying the criminal activities of gang members in a particular community through particip ant observ ation. Identify relevant ethical concerns with this study. How would these concerns shape your research project? Correct Answer: Typically, human subjects have the right to full disclosure of the purposes of the research, but with participant o bservation you cannot tell the participants you are studying them; subjects also have the right to confidentiality, but this is sometimes hard to ensure with this type of observation; research should avoid privacy invasion, but in order to get at some topi cs privacy must be invaded; it is impossible to obtain informed consent in this type of situation because the subjects cannot know you are studying them. 53. Explain the "crime index." Cover the uses of the crime index, as well as its weaknesses as an i ndicator o f crime rates. Correct Answer: The UCR “crime index” from which the crime rate is calculated consists of Part I crimes: murder and non -negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny -theft, motor vehicle th eft, and a rson; Part I crimes consist of the index crimes, major felonies that are believed to be serious, to occur frequently, and to have a greater likelihood of being reported to the police. In 2004, the FBI decided to stop reporting the crime index and to report a violent crime index and property crime index instead. An advisory board had felt that the crime index had been distorted by including the category of larceny -theft. A principal difficulty with the UCR crime rate as an index of crime in the Uni ted States is that it is an unweighted index. That is, each crime, whether murder or bicycle theft, is added into the total index with no weight given to the relative seriousness of the offense. Thus, no monetary or psychological value is assigned. For ins tance, a c ity with 100 burglaries per 100,000 population and one with 100 homicides per 100,000 population would have the same crime rate. 54. As a criminologist, you are asked to assess the effectiveness of an after -school program that had been designe d to reduc e crime rates among youth. Describe in detail at least three ways that you could go about studying the effectiveness of this program, applying concepts that you have learned in this course. Correct Answer: First, observation of the program part icipants requires the researcher to keep participation with subjects to a minimum while carefully recording their activities . Second, experiments conduct a pre - and posttest to evaluate changes that occur from a person participating in the program. Area s tudents wo uld be randomly assigned to an experimental group (the program) or a control group (no program). Third, surveys of the program participants would help to uncover whether any changes have occurred in attitudes that are at risk for offending. 55. Define v alidity, reliability, and triangulation, and explain why each of these elements is important in conducting research. Correct Answer: Validity concerns accuracy of measurement. It asks the questions, “Does my measuring instrument in fact measure what it c laims to measure?” or “Is it a true and accurate measure of the subject in question?” Reliability , on the other hand, involves the consistency and/or stability of measurement. If repeated measures were made of the same entity, would stable and un iform meas ures ensue? Obviously, validity is a more crucial issue than reliability; if a measurement is inaccurate, the consistency of inaccuracy becomes a moot question. Triangulation involves the use of multiple methods in measuring the same entity. It i s similar to the notion of corroborating evidence in law; if different measures of the same concept produce convergence or similar results, then we have greater confidence in the validity of an observation or finding. 56. The problem of inadequate metho ds in crim inology arises not because of the inherent shortcomings of a particular method, but because a given method is used alone. ___________________ inolves the use of multiple methods in measuring the same entity. Correct Answer: Triangulation 57. Why is it said that UCR data "represents only a portion of the true crime rate of a community"? Correct Answer: Dark figure of crime, UCR data is only REPORTED crime 58. What ethical issues are associated with the Zimbardo Prison Study? Correct Ans wer: The s ubjects were humiliated and mentally harmed by the experimentation, Zimbardo played too close a role in the experimentation being both the primary researcher and the warden of the simulated prison, the subjects were made to think they could not l eave, participants became carried away with their roles and not stopped when it became detrimental 59. Journalists are frequently covering the same events that criminologists are studying. Describe how their roles differ. Correct Answer: Journalists are a bit more interested in arousing public opinion and entertaining. Criminologists take a more scientific view of the subject matter and emphasize theory and methods as they contribute to the development of a discipline. 60. Name and describe the fou r types of unobtrusive measures discussed. Correct Answer: Content analysis refers to the systematic classification and study of the content of mass media, newspapers, magazines etc.Observation requires the researcher to keep participantion with subjects to a mini mum while carefully recording their activities. Physical trace analysis involves studying deposits, accretion of matter, and other remains of human activity. Simulation entails research strategies that attempt to mimic or imitate a more complex s ocial real ity.