(Test Bank) Crime Control in America What Works

Worrall, 3

Criminology & Criminal Justice

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4 Chapter 1: Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following crimes causes the greatest fear in the minds of most Americans? a. white-collar crimes b. violent crimes c. property crimes d. morality crimes Answer: b Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America . Page number: 3 Level: Intermediate 2. Quantitative research typically involves __________________. a. a conclusive legislative change in a law b. descriptive and in -depth research on a specific group or location c. diffusing salient issues between re searchers d. less detailed research on a large number of cases Answer: d Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Page number: 16 Level: Intermediate 3. Who signed the Patriot Act into law following the events of September 1 1th? a. President Clinton b. Supreme Court Justice O’Connor c. President Bush d. Senator Ted Kennedy Answer: c Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Page number: 9 Level: Basic 4. The Elusive Criminal Justice Experiment means that _______________. a. a true classical experiment is hard to create in some areas of crime control b. legislators are highly effective in creating social policy to eliminate crime c. social phenomena such as crime is relatively simple to measure and thus produc es a concrete field for study d. criminologists lack the expertise to properly identify and study a macro -level crime problem Answer: a Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Page number: 14 Level: Difficult 5. Crime control polic ies that push crime into other neighborhoods is a problem known as a. diffusion. (Test Bank all Chapter) 5 b. displacement. c. redirection. d. confusion. Answer: b Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Page number: 17 Level: Basic 6. Which of the following terms denotes r esearchers who have an interest in receiving funding to research a hot topic? a. bandwagon science b. original research c. academic crusader d. cross -sectional researcher Answer: a Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities. Page number: 21 Level: Basic 7. Targeting low -level crimes, such as street -level drug dealing and prostitution, in an effort to deter more serious crime is known as the ______________________. a. fractured society theory b. fragmente d circle theory c. broken windows theory d. collapsed neighborhood theory Answer: c Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Page number: 4 Level: Basic 8. A private foundation supplying a criminal justice agency with funding is providing _______________. a. solution funding b. soft money c. hard money d. research shortage funding Answer: b Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities. Page number: 20 Level: Intermediate 9. Whic h type of science would evaluate the DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program? a. soft sciences b. determinate sciences c. hard sciences 6 d. indeterminate sciences Answer: a Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Page number: 14 Level: Basic 10. A method used to determine whether an approach to the crime problem is a success or failure is called ______________________. a. process evaluation b. learning outcomes c. methodology analysis d. outcome evalua tion Answer: d Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Page number: 13 Level: Basic 11. Micro -level crime control is ______________________. a. one that affects many people b. concerned with large numbers of individuals c. mo re isolated geographically d. seen as affecting an entire state or nation Answer: c Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Page number: 16 Level: Intermediate 12. Which of the following is not a type of displacement? a. spat ial b. vector c. tactical d. target Answer: b Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Page number: 17 Level: Intermediate 13. Science used by someone to advance his or her own political priorities is known as a(n) ________________. a. academic attention getter b. academic lobbyist c. academic crusade. d. academic bias Answer: c Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities. Page number: 21 7 Level: Basic 14. A person who evades paying taxes is committ ing what type of crime? a. white -collar crime b. violent crime c. property crime d. morality crime Answer: a Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Page number: 4 Level: Intermediate 15. Determining whether th e addition of more patrol officers reduces crime in a specific beat or precinct, is an example of ______________________. a. input b. output c. evaluation. d. summation Answer: c Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Page n umber: 13 Level: Intermediate 16. Which of the following seeks to use the most rigorous scientific methodology available to identify and implement crime control techniques that are most likely to m ake best use of taxpayer monies? a. bandwagon science b. methodology analysis c. evidence -based justice d. hard checks Answer: c Objective: Summarize the concept of evidence -based justice. Page number: 22 Level: Intermediate 17. There is a great deal that we can do to effectively control crime, and the odds are that ______________________________________ will do the most to make society safer. a. vigilante forces b. several approaches combined together c. one main approach d. tunnel vision Answer: b Objective: Summarize the concept of evidence -based justice. Page number: 22 Level: Difficult 8 18. What type of legislation is intended to both prevent and control crime ? a. preventative b. malicious c. Robert’s d. three -strikes Answer: d Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention. Page number: 2 Level : Basic 19. If someone surveys several people today and finds that there is a relationship between fear of crime and prior victimization, this is a ________________________ . a. cross -sectional design b. correlative quotient c. cognitive design d. quotient design Answer: a Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Page number: 20 Level: Intermediate 20. The ___________________ is concerned with the extent to which a researcher’s findings can be carried over to another location or series o f locations. a. cross -sectional design b. methodology analysis c. generalization problem d. bandwagon approach Answer: c Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Page number: 19 Level: Basic Chapter 1: True or False 1. The mass media hei ghtens people’ s fear of crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Page number: 8 Level: Basic 2. As crime rates decline, people tend to express less fear of being a crime victim. a. True b. Fals e Answer: b 9 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Page number: 8 Level: Intermediate 3. Public order crimes such as prostitution, pornography, gambling and substance abuse are called vice crimes. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Page number: 4 Level: Basic 4. Tax ev asion is a white -collar crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Page number: 4 Level: Basic 5. Criminology is called a hard science. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Page number: 14 Level: Intermediate 6. Longitudinal studies take pl ace at a single point in time. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Page number: 20 Level: Intermediate 7. An academic crusade involves the practice of convincing others that one approach to crime control is superior to another. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Page number: 21 Level: Intermediate 10 8. Decriminalization expands the number of activities that are defined as criminal. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Distingui sh between crime control and prevention. Page number: 4 Level: Intermediate 9. Three -strikes legislation is solely intended to contro l crime and not to prevent it. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention. Page number: 2 Level: Basic 10. Crime reduction policies can cause crim inal activity to be displaced. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Page number: 17 Level: Basic 11. Targeting low -level crimes, such as street -level drug dealing and prostitution, in an effort to deter more serious crime is known as the Broken Windows Theory. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Page number: 4 Level: Basic 12. Determining whet her the addition of more patrol officers reduces crime in a specific beat or precinct, is an example of evaluation. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Page number: 13 Level: Basic 13. Violent crim es cause the greatest fear in the minds of most Americans . a. True b. False Answer: a 11 Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Page number: 3 Level: Intermediate 14. The Generalization Problem is concerned with the extent to whic h a researcher’s findings can be carried over to another location or series of locations. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Page number: 19 Level: Basic 15. Hard science would evaluate the DARE (Drug Abus e Resistance Education) pr ogram. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate. Page number: 14 Level: Basic Chapter 1: Fill in the Blank 1. __________ law constitutes the “bread and butter” of crime control. Answer: Criminal Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention. Page number: 9 Level: Difficult 2. __________ research involves number crunching and statistical analysis of data. Answer: Quantitative Objective: Explain v arious approaches to the crime problem. Page number: 16 Level: Difficult 3. __________ can drive crime problems into neighboring areas. Answer: Displacement Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Page number: 17 Level: Intermediate 12 4. _________ knowledge can be considered tentative, because researchers use different measures to represent the same phenomenon. Answer: Scientific Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Page number: 18 Level: Intermediate 5. The funding of a poli ce agency through the appropriations process is termed ____ ___ Money . Answer: Hard Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities. Page number: 20 Level: Intermediate 6. A researcher following the same group ove r a long period of time is conducting __________ research . Answer: longitudinal Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Page number: 20 Level: Intermediate 7. _________ is a problem concerned with the extent to which researc hers’ findings can be carried over to a series of locations. Answer: Generalization Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative. Page number: 19 Level: Intermediate 8. _________ sectional research is a study that takes place at a single poi nt in time. Answer: Cross Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Page number: 20 Level: Intermediate 9. White -collar crime is ill defined but generally consists of crimes committed by people during the course of their _______ ____ careers. Answer: professional Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Page number: 4 Level: Intermediate 13 10. _________ distribution of crime is concerned with crime patterns over time. Answer: Temporal Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Page number: 5 Level: Intermediate Chapter 1: Matching 1. Victimization paradox a. A method of determining whether a program or policy is operating as it should be. 2. Outcome (crime control) b. A high l evel of fear with a correspondingly low likelihood of victimization. 3. Outcome evaluation c. That which is likely to be affected by the solution. 4. Process evaluation d. A method of determining whether some form of social action is a success or a failu re. 1. * b 2. * c 3. * d 4. * a Objective: N/A Page number: N/A Level: Basic 1. Soft sciences a. Scientific fields of study characterized by research that is usually conducted in tightly controlled laboratory settings . 2. Hard sciences b. A largely ex ploratory method of inquiry characterized by in-depth research on a specific location or group of subjects. 3. Classical experiment c. The social sciences fields that focus on the study of social phenomena in their natural settings. 4. Qualitative resear ch d. The gold standard for scientific research, a study that includes (1) a treatment group and a control group, (2) a pretest and a posttest, and (3) a controlled intervention. 1. * c 2. * a 3. * d 4. * b 14 Objective: N/A Page number: N/A Level: Basic 1. Quantitative research a. The spillover or movement of crime (in the case of crime control) into a surrounding area not targeted by the intervention in question. 2. Macro-level crime control b. Consists of approaches to the crime problem that are intend ed to have a dramatic and desirable effect on crime in an entire neighborhood, city, or state or even across the nation. 3. Micro-level crime control c. Consists of approaches to the crime problem that are more isolated geographically. 4. Displacement d. A method of inquiry characterized by the analysis of numerical data designed to represent concepts of interest. 1. * d 2. * b 3. * c 4. * a Objective: N/A Page number: N/A Level: Basic Chapter 1: Essay 1. Explain what is meant by the term victimizat ion paradox and describe its consequences. Answer: The term victimization paradox suggests that most people’s fear of being the victim of a violent crime is far greater than the actual likelihood of being victimized. Research has shown that although women and the elderly are least likely to be crime victims, their fear of crime remains relatively high. Unfortunately, the fear of crime can have negative consequences upon one’s quality of life. Excessive fear causes people to withdraw from normal everyday in teraction within the community they reside. Additionally, fear discourages business development and can contribute to the deterioration of neighborhoods. Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America. Page number: 8 Level: Intermediate 2. Define the term displacement and provide some examples of the various types. 15 Answer: Research has suggested that even when crime control policy leads to a short -term reduction in crime, the policy might in fact be displacing the problem to another ne ighborhood. Not only can criminal activity be pushed from one neighborhood to another, displacement can cause a variety of other possible outcomes. These other outcomes might include temporal displacement, which causes a criminal to change the time of day that they plan to execute a crime. Another outcome of displacement might be tactical, wherein a criminal acquires a new method of operation for the purpose of committing a crime. Sometimes displacement causes offenders to select new property or persons to victimize. This is known as target displacement. Another form of displacement can result when criminals are arrested and new offenders replace them, committing similar offences known as perpetrator displacement. Objective: Define displacement and diffusio n. Page number: 17 Level: Intermediate 3. Describe the elements of a classical experiment and explain why it is not commonly used in the field of criminal justice. Answer: The classical experiment consists of three distinct elements. These elements inclu de: a) a treatment group and a control group, b) a pretest and a posttest, and c) a controlled intervention. The treatment group is the one that will receive an intervention. The control group is the one that does not get exposed to the intervention. In ot her words, this group will conduct “business as usual”. Next the pretest and posttest are measured before and after the intervention. Finally, a controlled intervention is administered by the researcher. Due to the inherent limitations in the social scienc es, classical experiments are rare in criminal justice. Many times the difficulties associated with the classical experiment are too dangerous to be carried out. More specifically, death, injury, or even psychological coercion may create too dangerous of a n environment for experimentation. Studying the social phenomena of crime is a very challenging and complex task. Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem. Page number: 14 Level: Intermediate Chapter 1: Critical Thinking 1. Suppose yo u work as a police officer in the 8th largest city in your state. During the past 5 years the residential burglary rate has slowly increased and at present your city has the highest rate in the whole state. Your city has the highest police/citizen ratio in the state, so your chief is perplexed. She checked with all the surrounding cities and discovered that each of them have been conducting miscellaneous micro -level crime control activities for the last 3 -5 years. She also discovered that each of the surrou nding cities had a decrease in the residential burglary rates during the prior 3 -5 years. Because of your criminal justice degree, she asks you why the burglary rate is going up while other cities are seeing a decrease. She also asks you for advice as to what might work to lower the burglary rate in your city. What information and advice could you offer? 16 Answer: The surrounding cities are all actively conducting micro -level crime control, which is meant to control isolated areas, such as neighborhoods or h ot spots in the city. Your city has not been involved in any deterrent activity, so it likely that the increase of crime is due to displacement. Through the passage of time, perpetrators from surrounding cities have moved their criminal activity to your ci ty where no visible deterrence is present other than marked police cars. A recommendation might be to implement crime control strategies that would change the perception of perpetrators who think your city is an easier target. By joining in with other citi es in target hardening, there is a likelihood of a decrease in burglaries in your city and possibly an additional diffusion effect in other cities. Some ideas might include visible cameras on street corners, marked cars parked in residential areas, a well publicized saturation of police in unmarked cars parking in residential areas for apprehension enhancement, target hardening activities in the neighborhoods (better lighting and neighborhood watch), and burglary alarm stickers on windows or those who parti cipate in the program. The most important element of any crime intervention (intended as a deterrent) is that the potential perpetrator must know about it. Objective: Define displacement and diffusion. Page number: Level: Difficult 2. Quantitative resear ch is generally preferred, but sometimes it is difficult to know which interventions are mainly responsible for changes in particular statistics, such as a crime rate decreasing over a period of time. Besides just looking at the numbers, how could a police department obtain information on what works? Answer: Often qualitative information is extremely helpful in evaluating what works. A helpful strategy for police departments is self reporting from the criminals themselves. Although some apprehended crimina ls may choose not to disclose much information, a surprising number of criminals will confess and then give a wealth of information to police. The key is for the investigator to ask. Many types of crimes are now better understood because of self reporting, including pedophilia, sexual assault, and serial killing. The learned information is utilized in theory development, profiling, and crime control. Numbers alone can’t give the kind of information that is needed for external validity (relating what works i n one place with what might work in other places or with other crimes). Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic. Page number: Level: Difficult 17 Chapter 2: Multiple Choice 1. Herbert Packer described two competing crime control policies as the crime control perspective, and the _______________________. a. operational perspective b. due process perspective c. value laden d. assembly -line perspective Answer: b Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 26 Level: Basic 2. The funnel model of justice was developed by those who believe the justice system is ______________________. a. struggling for cooperation b. a nonexistent system c. working effectively d. highly fragmented Answer: c Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 30 Level: Intermediate 3. What type of deterrence would sanction a first time offender to steer him or her away from committing another offenses? a. specific b. general c. absolute d. marginal Answer: a Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 41 Level: Basic 4. What type of case is at the top of the criminal justice wedding cake? a. serious felonies b. not -so-serious felonies c. misdemeanors d. cele brated Answer: d Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 31 Level: Basic 5. Which form of punishment is focused upon “just des serts”? 18 a. deterrence b. retribution c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation Answer: b Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 40 Level: Intermediate 6. Which type of deterrence seeks to deter criminal activity in the general population by the threat of sanctions? a. specific b. general c. absolute d. marginal Answer: b Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 41 Level: Basic 7. Which model stands in contrast to the due process model? a. process control model b. advocacy model c. liberal model d. crime con trol model Answer: d Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 26 Level: Basic 8. Duplication of efforts in crime control by various government agencies has labeled the criminal justice system as a(n) ______________________. a. non -system model b. adversarial model c. systematic model d. limited model Answer: a Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 29 Level: Intermediate 9. The liberal perspective closely resembles the _____________________ _. a. classical perspective b. due process perspective c. rehabilitative perspective d. behavioral perspective 19 Answer: b Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 33 Level: Basic 10. __________ is concerned with inc remental changes in various dimensions of the criminal justice system. a. Massive deterrence b. Covert deterrence c. Large scale deterrence d. Marginal deterrence Answer: d Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 41 Level: Basic 11. Crime control policies are more important to which political group? a. liberals b. independents c. conservatives d. libertarians Answer: c Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 33 Level: Intermediate 12. ___ ______ thinkers believe that self -interest, coercion, and political power are factors that best describe social interaction. a. Consensus b. Covert c. Confusion d. Conflict Answer: d Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 36 Level: Intermediate 13. Which concept of punishment involves a planned intervention program designed to change criminal behavior? a. deterrence b. incapacitation c. retribution d. rehabilitation Answer: d Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 43 20 Level: Basic 14. _________ thinkers believe that people agree on what issues are of most concern to social welfare. a. Consensus b. Covert c. Confusion d. Conflict Answer: a Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 36 Level: Intermediate 15. ____________ is a concept of punishment that is concerned with protecting members of society by removing the criminal element. a. Deterrence b. Incapacita tion c. Retribution d. Rehabilitati on Answer: b Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 43 Level: Basic 16. Like retribution, incapacitation is a fairly ______________ perspective. a. long -sighted b. quasi -motor c. large -scale d. short -sighted Answer: d Objective: Expl ain the goals of crime control. Page number: 43 Level: Basic 17. Not all criminals can change. Some may be resistant to treatment; others may just be prone to __________. a. crime b. failure c. negativity d. forget Answer: b Objective: Explain the goals o f crime control. Page number: 44 Level: Intermediate 18. Retribution is concerned, simply, with punishing criminals on the basis of the __________ 21 of their crimes. a. severity b. number c. location d. propensity Answer: a Objective: Explain the goals of c rime control. Page number: 42 Level: Basic 19. Of the various types of deterrence, __________ deterrence is perhaps the most difficult to show . a. specific b. general c. local d. urban Answer: b Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 42 Level: Basic 20. Academics are often described derisively as ________________ types who have little connection to the real world. a. specific deterrent b. benevolent thinker c. ivory tower d. multi level Answer: c Objective: Summarize political perspec tives of criminal justice. Page number: 39 Level: Basic Chapter 2: True - False 1. Conservatives believe that crime is a product of individual choice. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page num ber: 33 Level: Basic 2. Absolute deterrence is concerned with incremental changes within the criminal justice system. a. True 22 b. False Answer: b Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 41 Level: Intermediate 3. The due process model favors a liberal approach toward individual rights. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 33 Level: Basic 4. Americans tend to be shortsighted with respect to crime control . a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 44 Level: Basic 5. Conservatives generally take a tough -on-crime stance and argue for more criminal justice spending. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 35 Level: Intermediate 6. Rehabilitation is highly effective in the short run. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 44 Level: Intermediate 7. The crime co ntrol model emphasizes quality over quantity. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 28 Level: Difficult 23 8. The due process perspective does not place a great deal of faith in the court s. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 28 Level: Intermediate 9. Those who believe in the non -system model of criminal justice believe there is a lack of communication between agenci es. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 29 Level: Intermediate 10. The fourth layer of the criminal justice wedding cake is reserved for serious felonies. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 32 Level: Basic 11. Academics are often described derisively as ivory tower types . a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice . Page number: 39 Level: Basic 12. Retribution is concerned, simply, with punishing criminals on the basis of the severity of their crimes. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 42 Level: Basic 13. Retribu tion is a concept of punishment that is concerned with protecting members of society by removing the criminal element. a. True 24 b. False Answer: b Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 43 Level: Intermediate 14. Some criminals may be resistant to treatment; others may just be prone to failure. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 44 Level: Basic 15. Like retribution, incapacitation is a fairly long-sighted perspective. a. True b. Fa lse Answer: b Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 43 Level: Basic Chapter 2: Fill i n the Blank 1. __________ believe that crime is a product of environmental factors. Answer: Liberals Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 34 Level: Intermediate 2. __________ tend to favor treatment, such as job training, in addressing crime. Answer: Liberals Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 35 Level: Intermed iate 3. __________ believe that capitalism results in class division and inequality. Answer: Conflict thinkers Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 36 Level: Intermediate 25 4. __________ and policymakers do not co mmunicate as much as they should. Answer: Academics Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 39 Level: Intermediate 5. ______________ is a goal of criminal justice concerned with punishing criminals on the basis of the severity of their crimes. Answer: Retribution Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 42 Level: Basic 6. Incapacitation removes criminals from society through _________. Answer: incarceration Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 43 Level: Intermediate 7. The funnel model of justice is characteristic of a systems perspective of __________. Answer: criminal justice Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 30 Level: Intermediate 8. Hard -line ________ and conservatives disagree about the causes of crime . Answer: liberals Objective: Summarize political perspectives of criminal justice Page number: 34 Level: Intermediate 9. Deterrence is not of interest to advocates of _________. Answer: retribution Objective: Explain the goals of crime control Page number: 42 Level: Intermediate 10. __________ perspectives consist of views about how the justice system should work. Answer: Operational 26 Objective: Summarize operationa l perspectives of criminal justice Page number: 26 Level: Difficult Chapter 2: Matching 1. Crime control perspective a. A belief that the key aim of criminal justice policy is the protection of due process and people’s rights . 2. Criminal justice weddi ng cake model b. With respect to crime control, an emphasis on the protection of people’s rights and liberties. 3. Due process perspective c. Emphasizes how cases are processed. Top layer cases are the fewest in number and receive the full gamut of the c riminal process while the lowest level cases, which are the greatest in number, receive quick and informal processing. 4. Liberal perspective d. A belief that the key aim of criminal justice policy is the control of crime . 1. * d 2. * c 3. * a 4. * b Objective: N/A Page number: N/A Level: Basic 1. Conservative perspective a. A belief that self interest, coercion, division, opposition, exclusion, hostility, sectional interests, political power, contradictions, and other such factors best describe social interactions. 2. Consensus perspective b. With respect to crime control, an emphasis on tough punishment and crime control. Corresponds closely with a crime control orientation. 3. Conflict perspective c. Set of beliefs that (1) certain norms and values are the core elements of social life, (2) people are committed to a certain social order, (3) solidarity is evident in the interaction between people of all groups, and (4) everyone willingly submits to a legitimate 27 authority, typically the government. 4. Specific deterrence d.When a sentenced offender is discouraged from committing additional crimes due to his or her capture/incarceration. 1. * b 2. * c 3. * a 4. * d Objective: N/A Page number: N/A Level: Basic 1. General deterrence a. Removing crim inals from society, usually through incarceration (or sometimes through home confinement, electronic monitoring, or a similar method of restraint). 2. Absolute deterrence b. When others besides the sentenced offender are discouraged from committing additi onal crime due to sentencing/incarceration practices. 3. Marginal deterrence c. The belief that the collective actions of the criminal justice system on the whole discourage criminality. 4. Incapacitation d. Incremental changes in the deterrability of crime due to changes in various dimensions of the criminal justice system and process. 1. * b 2. * c 3. * d 4. * a Objective: N/A Page number: N/A Level: Basic Chapter 2: Essay 1. Describe the central features of the due process and the crime control perspective. Answer: A goal of the due process perspective is to ensure the individual will receive a fair and accurate decision at every stage of the criminal process. Additionally, due process advocates do not favor informal processes in the criminal j ustice system because of the risk of human error 28 and bias. Hence, due process advocates place greater emphasis on legal guilt, than on factual guilt. The crime control perspective stands in contrast to the due process perspective. The supporters of the cri me control perspective emphasize the importance of controlling crime. The goal is to move criminal offenders through the criminal justice system, with as little delay as possible. The crime control model is willing to eliminate or limit individual rights, in order to increase efficiency. In short the crime control model favors quantity over quality in the criminal process. Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice Page number: 26 Level: Intermediate 2. Define the goal of retributio n in punishing an offender and describe its limitations. Answer: The goal of retribution is to punish a criminal offender according to the severity of their crimes. Advocates of retribution believe criminals should get their just deserts. Moreover, societ y holds a view that criminals need to be punished justly for the crimes they commit. Since deterrence is not a goal of retribution, there are some shortcomings to this form of punishment. First, the punishment might be discriminatory and more severe based upon one’s race. Another criticism is that retribution fails to provide for rehabilitation of the offender, hence failing to prevent future crimes. Objective: Explain the goals of crime control. Page number: 42 Level: Intermediate 3. Explain why the crim inal justice system is characterized as a non-system. Answer: Although the police, prosecutors and the courts are concerned with controlling crime, too often these agencies develop their own priorities and goals. So called turf wars can develop between th e police and the prosecutor’s office. Additionally, communications can break down between the components. The agencies within the criminal justice system tend to be too rigid with respect to cooperation. The efforts of government agencies within the crimin al justice system are seen as fragmented and many times duplicated. A lack of cooperation between components has lead to a criminal justice system referred to as a non -system. Objective: Summarize operational perspectives of criminal justice. Page number: 29 Level: Intermediate Chapter 2: Critical Thinking 1. Due process advocates place greater emphasis on legal guilt (whether a person is guilty according to the law) than on factual guilt (whether a person actually committed the crime with which she or h e is charged). Crime control advocates take a serious interest in this country in controlling crime and are tolerant of the police doing whatever it takes to keep criminals off the streets. The Supreme Court has taken action to protect citizens’ rights by not allowing any illegally obtained evidence to be used in a court trial against the accused. This rule of law, called the “exclusionary rule,” has resulted in dangerous criminals being released into the community