(Test Bank) Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice Skills Strategies and Techniques

Sommers-Flanagan, 2

Medicine

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Author(s): Sommers-Flanagan

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1 Test Bank Questions for Chapter 1: Psychotherapy and Counseling Essentials: An Introduction 1. The comment “In psychology, even the rats are white and male” refers to which of the following? a. Experimental psychologists continue to use only white male rats in their research studies. b. Psychotherapy is useful only for white males. c. Most psychological theories were developed by white men of European descent and much of the research historically focused on whites and males . d. All of the above. e. Only b and c. 2. For the most part, early treatments for human distress and disturbance consisted of a combination of: a. Medical-biological procedures . b. Spiritual procedures . c. Psychosocial procedures . d. All of the above. e. Only b and c. 3. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes relationship and community over individuality, and its beginnings occurred in the context of people’s experiences and interactions in personal, political, and professional settings ? a. Biological perspective . b. Psychosocial perspective . c. Feminist-multicultural perspective. NOTE: (Test Bank, Answer at the end of each Chapter) 2 d. Religious -spiritual perspective . e. Relationship and community perspective . 4. The biomedical perspective: a. Utilizes counseling for those dying from a medical condition . b. Has involved trephining and lobotomies . c. Focuses primarily on using a psychoanalytic a pproach . d. All of the above . e. None of the above . 5. Trephining involved: a. The use of monks to counsel clients. b. Reverse siphoning of gas from the can to the vehicle. c. Cutting a hole in the skull to release evil spirits. d. Cutting holes on the skin to produce a behav ior change. e. The sealing up of naturally occurring holes in the skull . 6. Anna O. referred to psychotherapy as: a. A method that involved “ listening to and learning ” from her therapist . b. “The talking cure .” c. Something that was “interesting but, in the end, unhelpf ul.” d. “The holy grail .” e. “The transference cure .” 3 7. Theories: a. Explain phenomena . b. Involve gathering and organizing knowledge . c. Help scientists m ake predictions . d. All of the above . e. Only a and b . 8. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) utilize ____________ to facilitate emotional regulation. a. Trephining . b. Buddhist mindfulness . c. String cheese . d. Feminist concepts . e. Medical interventions . 9. Which statement is least consistent with what Corsini and Wedding believed about counseling and psychotherapy ? a. They are the same qualitatively. b. They differ only quantitatively. c. There is no difference whatsoever. d. There is nothing that a psychotherapist does that a counselor does not do. e. None of these are consistent with what Corsini and Wedding state d. 4 10. What is most true about the status of therapy effectiveness? a. Everyone agrees that therapy is very effective. b. Most researchers believe therapy is effective, but there are a few critics who question its efficacy. c. It’s unlikely that therapy is effective. d. There really hasn’t been enough research on therapy to say whether it’s effective. e. Effectiveness is the top dog and ineffectiveness is the underdog. 11. What researcher claimed that therapy produced no benefits; on the contrary, it produced an inverse correla tion between therapy and recovery? These claims led to an increase in outcome studies. a. Hans Eysenck . b. Jay Haley . c. Siddhartha Guatama . d. Anton Mesmer . e. Mary Smith . 12. According to Lambert, which common ther apeutic factor (s) account (s) for approximat ely 15% of therapeutic change? a. Expectancy . b. Techniques . c. Extratherapeutic factors . d. All of the above . e. Both a and b ( techniques and expectancy ) account for 15% . 5 13. The goal of efficacy research involves tightly controlled experimental trials with high internal v alidity , whereas effectiveness research: a. Produces results that are generalizable to real -life situations . b. Seeks to tightly control all experimental variables . c. Focuses on collecting data with strong external validity . d. All of the above . e. Only a and c . 14. Which of the following is a descriptive term used for t reatments that are manualized and shown to be superior to a placebo or other treatment s? a. Medically proven treatments . b. Research -based treatments . c. Psychotherapy . d. Empirically supported treatments . e. Empirically s atisfying treatments . 15. Which theorist (s) has/have claimed that their particular form of therapy can and should be used to predict and control human behavior? a. Mary Smith . b. Sigmund Freud . c. B. F. Skinner d. Both b and c . e. None of the above . 6 16. Who wrote that any form of psychotherapy constitutes an oppressive process, since the imbalance of power entitles therapists to judge client thoughts, feelings, and behavior? a. Mary Smith . b. Jeffrey Masson . c. Gene Glass . d. M. Scott Peck . e. Karen Horney . 17. Having a reasonable theory and usi ng it faithfully is one of the best ways to: a. Develop a positive working relationship . b. Create expectancy or placebo effects . c. Have a fistful of techniques to use with your clients . d. All of the above . e. Only a and c . 18. To be without a theory, to be a “vulnerable, directionless creature ,” is something most of us would just as soon avoid. This statement best reflects the idea that: a. Theories provide a clear model or foundation from which therapists can work . b. The human race is doomed . c. Theories lead to vulnerable, dire ctionless creature status . d. All theory is socially constructed . e. None of the above . 7 19. The emphasis on establishing empirical support for psychological treatments is partly a product of the need to : a. Compete for health care dollars . b. Encourage battle between the oretical approaches . c. Promote harmony and joy . d. Stimulate consumers to make free market decisions . e. None of the above . 20. A good ethical code for the counseling profession has all of the following dimensions EXCEPT to be : a. Flexible . b. Educational . c. Aspirational . d. Judicial . e. Both a and b . 21. In general, straightforward theories that address a narrow, more easily defined set of human problems end up having more ___________ than richer, more complex theories. a. Validity . b. Outcome s research . c. Personality research . d. Qualitative research . e. None of the above . 8 22. Which of the following terms is a statistic used to estimate how much change is produced by a particular intervention? a. Meta-analysis . b. Bill Nye . c. Effect size . d. Validity . e. R2. 23. Eysenck’s psychotherapy crit ique motivated researchers to: a. Emphasize the importance of confidentiality . b. Evaluate psychotherapy efficacy with greater scrutiny . c. Produce more psychotherapy research . d. Start an anti -Eysenck revolution . e. Only b and c . 24. Based on research by Smith and Glass (1977) and others, the “Dodo bird effect” has come to be known as which of the following? a. Different therapist s’ theoretical orientation s and different techniques do not produce different results in a counseling situation. b. Drilling a small hole in the client’s temple on each side of t he skull and inserting a dull knife, making the shape of a large bird. c. Taking a client’s biological and spiritual condition into account during therapy. d. Only b and c. e. None of the above 9 25. Smith and Glass concluded that the average client treated with psychot herapy was better off than _____ of clients who received no treatment. a. 95%. b. 75%. c. 50%. d. 25%. e. 10%. 26. Which of the following is /are generally NOT true of counseling as compared to psychotherapy ? a. Counseling usually lasts longer than psychotherapy . b. Counseling is usually cheaper than psychotherapy . c. Counseling is slightly more directive than psychotherapy . d. Counseling is generally more overtly surface work . e. All of these are true about counseling . 27. Lambert’s extratherapeutic change factors include which of the followi ng? a. Client factors . b. Counseling techniques . c. Client motivation . d. All of the above . e. Only a and c . 28. Of the following, the most essential strategy for developing competence as a therapist is: 10 a. Working out your own issues . b. Making sure that you are just a little bi t healthier than your clients . c. Being your professor’s favorite student . d. Reading at least five counseling books a month . e. Obtaining a PhD instead of a PsyD . 29. Which of the following is/are important aspect (s) of informed consent ? a. Informing client s in what way s you intend to work with them. b. Involving your client in a dialogue about your therapy approach . c. Informing your client of your training status and supervision arrangements . d. All of the above. e. Only a and b are a part of informed consent . 30. Areas of multicultu ral competencies include all of the following EXCEPT : a. Becoming completely competent in multicultural counseling . b. Self-awareness . c. Multicultural knowledge . d. Culturally specific techniques . e. All of the above . 31. One of the most important aspects of confidentialit y is: a. Explaining limits of confidentiality only after a questionable disclosure . b. Discussing details about your client only with people you can trust . 11 c. Keeping the identity of your client confidential . d. Never sharing anything about yourself with your client . e. Never keeping written records pertaining to your client . 32. It’s important to avoid multiple roles in a counseling relationship because : a. The client has enough roles to work through . b. The therapist plays too many roles already . c. There is always a power differen tial between the client and the therapist . d. It becomes too easy for the client to take advantage of his or her therapist . e. Both c and d . 33. In the latest ACA guidelines there is an acknowledgment that: a. It’s necessary to have multiple roles with your clients . b. Clients don’t want to have multiple relations hips with their therapists . c. Multiple relationships can sometimes be helpful to clients . d. Only PhDs can have multiple roles . e. All of the above. 34. Which statement (s) is/are NOT true about sex and counseling? a. In the 19 60s and 1970s some mental health professional s claimed sex between client and therapist could be therapeutic . b. Sexual relations between client and therapist are very rare and therefore ha ve never become an issue . c. Far too many professional therapists have ha d sexual relations with their clients. 12 d. Sexual contact between therapist and client constitutes sexual abuse . e. Both a and b are true . 35. Lilienfeld (2007) conducted a systematic review of psychotherapy outcomes to identify therapy approaches that produce negat ive effects. He referred to these therapy approaches as ______________________. a. Psychiatric hospitalization treatments . b. Harmful therapeutic interventions . c. Probabilistic and hostile therapies . d. Prohibited therapies . e. None of the above . 36. Experts estimate that approximately ________ of psyc hotherapy cases end in deterioration. a. Less than 3%. b. 3%–10%. c. 10%–15%. d. 15%–20%. e. 20%–25%. 37. Examples of potential ly harmful therapies include : a. Client -centered therapies . b. Boot camp programs . c. Scared straight interventions . 13 d. All of t he above . e. Only b and c . 38. Client factor (s) that can contribute to ne gative treatment outcomes is/are: a. Low client psychopathology . b. Low client motivation . c. High client psychopathology . d. All of the above . e. Only b and c . 39. The ortgeist is: a. The spirit of the place. b. The spirit of the time. c. A mischievous ghost. d. A Croatian meat dish. e. Another term for researcher bias . 40. In Chapter 1, being prepared for the unexpected or the spirit of mischievous refers to: a. Zeitgeist . b. Poltergeist . c. Ortgeist. d. Shadow . e. Meta -analysis . 14 Answe r Key —Chapter 1 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. c 10. b 11. a 12. e 13. e 14. d 15. c 16. b 17. d 18. a 19. a 15 20. a 21. b 22. c 23. e 24. a 25. b 26. a 27. e 28. a 29. d 30. a 31. c 32. c 33. c 34. b 35. e 36. b 37. d 38. e 39. a 40. b 1 Test Bank Questions for Chapter 2: Psychoanalytic Approaches 1. What was the topic of Freud’s first research project? a. Themes associated with the anal stage of psychosexual development . b. The masculine protest . c. A search for the testes of the eel . d. The seduction hypothesis . e. The relative efficacy of hypnosis v ersus psychoanalysis in treating symptoms of hysteria . 2. The zeitgeist and ortgeist surrounding Freud and his work might have most directly contributed to which of the following? a. Freud’s emphasis on social dyna mics over sexual dynamics . b. Freud’s interest in transference and countertransference . c. Freud’s embracing of spirituality . d. Freud’s near obsession with sex and sexuality . e. Freud’s split with Jung . 3. What did Freud originally view as the fundamental precondition for hysteria? a. Early childhood physical abuse . b. Infantile sexual experiences or e arly childhood sexual abuse . c. Parental addiction to methamphetamines . d. Penis envy . e. An incomplete trial of psychoanalysis . 4. Freud’s colleagues’ response to his famous paper “The Ae tiology of Hysteria ” is best described as: a. Cold and rejecting . 2 b. Warm and engaging . c. Supportive, yet skeptical . d. Strongly positive . e. Freud never presented or published this paper due to fears of rejection . 5. Freud’s famous paper “The Aetiology of Hysteria” origi nally focused on what group or sample population of client s? a. Men who wanted to be mothers, womb envy theory . b. Women who wanted to be men, the Electra theory . c. Adolescents who hated their parents . d. Eighteen women and six men who had experienced childhood sexua l abuse. e. People who experience d hysterical psychic determinism . 6. In the text, which of the following was/were offered as possible explanation (s) for why Freud recanted his seduction hypothesis? a. Freud had to abandon his earlier views about child seduction a nd sexual abuse to discover the more basic truth of the power of internal fantasy and spontaneous childhood sexuality. b. Freud was just practicing bad science. He was more interested in building his theory than in psychological reality. c. Freud had experienced child sexual abuse himself, but eventually realized that wasn’t the case for everyone who suffered from hysteria. d. All of the above are true . e. Only a and b are true. 7. What is another name for Freud’s dynamic approach? a. A theory of psychosexual development . b. Drive theory or instinct theory . c. Energy distribution theory . 3 d. The psychopathology continuum . e. Choice determination or psychic theory . 8. Freud’s dynamic approach to human psychology has become known as drive theory or instinct theory. He believed that humans ar e filled with mental or psychic energy. This energy comes from: a. Eros. b. Thanatos . c. Psychos . d. Only a and b. e. All of the above . 9. Which of the following statements represent (s) either the definition of psychic determinism or implications associated with psychic de terminism ? a. Psychic determinism proposes an underlying psychological explanation for every emotion, thought, impulse, and behavior. b. Psychic determinism is a concept that lies at the heart of all psychic phenomena. In other words, if you can think it, you ca n create the reality. c. Because of psychic determinism, there are no accidental behaviors. d. Acting irresponsibly or erratically is normal; it is predetermined that all humans will do so, even sometimes without reason. e. Both a and c. 10. The underlying omnipresen t psychological explanations for every emotion, thought, impulse , and behavior is called: a. Dynamic determinism . b. Subconscious awareness . c. Freudian truth . d. Psychic determinism . 4 e. Extrasensory perception . 11. Which of the following is clearly NOT related to Freud’s t opographic approach ? a. The id, ego, and superego . b. The ability of the mind to protect us from unconscious impulses . c. Interactions between the p reconscious and conscious . d. The watchman analogy . e. Regions of the psychoanalytic mind . 12. The main purpose of psychoanaly tic therapy is to: a. Transfer all of our maladaptive behaviors to the therapist . b. Identify our sexual cravings and desires . c. Help us slowly become aware of unconscious impulses. d. Realize the role that culture and socialization ha ve on our development . e. Develop b etter relationship s with our families . 13. What might influence a child to develop a fixation or complex in a particular developmental stage? a. Biological maturation . b. Overly indulgent or withholding parents. c. Having a psychologist or psychoanalyst suggest the co ncept to him or her . d. Strict, but balanced parenting . e. Losing to a parent once or twice at a card game . 14. A preoccupation with money, dirt, and time would likely be a result of a fixation at the __________ stage of development. a. Phallic . 5 b. Latency . c. Oral. d. Genital . e. Anal. 15. The superego consists of which the following? a. The conscience and ego ideal . b. Eros and thanatos . c. The id and the ego . d. The subconscious and ego ideal . e. Both b and c . 16. What did Freud mean by the normal -abnormal continuum? a. The unconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind lie on a continuum . b. Every normal personality has traces of psychopathology . c. He was advocating for a dimensional diagnostic system in the DSM . d. All of the above . e. Both a and b . 17. Which of Freud’s ego defense mechanisms is characteristic of a client being afraid to express aggression toward someone, so instead the client may behave in an excessively loving manner? a. Reaction formation . b. Rationalization . c. Denial . d. Anger management . e. Projection . 6 18. Which of the following is true about defense mechanisms ? a. They are automatic. b. They are unconscious. c. They help clients view reality more accurately. d. Only a and b. e. All of the above. 19. A boy and a girl aged 11 are constantly bickering, and say that they hate each other. Yet you suspect that they actually like each other. Their behavior is an example of: a. Denial . b. Reaction formation . c. Repression . d. Sublimation . e. Rationalization . 20. In the midst of a psychoanalytic ally oriented counseling session, Mr. Green, a client of Dr. John Sommers -Flanagan , begins sucking his thumb and then runs from the office screaming, “I want my mommmmmmy.” Which defense mechanism seems to be operating here? a. Reaction formation . b. Projection . c. Sublimation . d. Denial . e. Regression . 21. Note: John S -F did not make up that last test question himself. It was submit ted to him years ago by a man named Mr. Green. Now, supposing he really did write the exam question but that an automatic and unconscious defense mechanism caused him to 7 disown responsibility and place it on someone else , which defense mechanism was being employed? a. Reaction formation . b. Projection . c. Sublimation . d. Regression . e. Denial . 22. Anna Freud is to ego psychology as ________________ is to self psychology. a. Heinz Kohut . b. Mary Ainsworth . c. Sigmund Freud . d. Erik Erikson . e. Sandor Ferenczi . 23. Which statement captures the essential difference between early Freudian psychoanalytic thinking and more contemporary object relations theory? a. Where id was, there shall ego be. b. Libido is object -seeking, not pleasure -seeking. c. The object of the therapy game is to win the client. d. Instea d of id, we now focus on archetypes. e. Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar. 24. Which psychoanalytic approach focuses on the development of healthy narcissism within individuals? a. Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy . b. Attachment -informed psychoanalytic psychotherapy . c. Object relations . 8 d. Drive theory . e. Self psychology . 25. The concept of “two -person psychology” in psychoanalysis suggests that the therapist is always: a. Objective . b. Interacting appropriately . c. Dependent upon the client for making the big bucks . d. Compliant with the client’s wishes . e. Inescapably subjective . 26. Which of t he following is/are characteristic (s) of two -person psychotherapy ? a. The therapist no longer has the authority to make interpretations . b. Interpretations are cast as an alternative viewpoint for the client to consciously consider . c. The analyst becomes more emotionally involved with the client. d. All of the above . e. None of the above . 27. This theorist formulated psychoanalytic ideas such as womb and breast envy: a. Karen Horney . b. Sigmund Freud . c. Laura Brown . d. Mary Ainswort h. e. Alfred Adler . 28. Which of the following statements appear (s) to be inconsistent with short -term and time - limited approaches to psychoanalytic psychotherapy? 9 a. In general, analysts should help the client understand how he or she interacts with people who are of lesser importance (e.g., acquaintances, work colleagues) before exploring how the client interacts with people who are of greater importance (e.g., siblings, spouse, close friends). Whenever possible, analysts should avoid exploring childhood experienc es, especially parent -child interactions. b. Treatment should not focus on specific problems or conflicts faced by the client; rather, it should focus on the client as a whole and help him or her better understand the ori gins of unconscious conflicts. c. In gene ral, analysts should be nondirective and passive; they should avoid making transference -specific interpretations whenever possible. d. All of the above . e. Only b and c . 29. Which attachment style (s) was/were NOT formulated by Mary Ainsworth and was /were INSTEAD id entified by her student, Mary Main? a. Anxious -resistant insecure attachment . b. Anxious -avoidant insecure attachment . c. Disorganized/disoriented attachment . d. Secure attachment . e. Both b and c were identified by Mary Main . 30. Which of the following projective assessme nt techniques or instruments might be used by psychoanalytic therapists, but is /are generally viewed as having poor empirical validity? a. The Thematic Apperception Test . b. The Rorschach . c. Human figure drawings . d. All of the above might used by psychoanalytically oriented therapists . e. Only a and c . 10 31. Which of the following statements is /are true and support (s) the use of projective assessment techniques? a. Projective techniques may help establish rapport between the client and therapist, and may promote a sense of col laborative exploration within the client - therapist relationship. b. Projective techniques like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test can be used to reliably diagnose a wide range of psychological disorders. c. Results from projective assessment techniques like the Rorschach are not helpful when diagnosing serious mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia); however, they can be helpful in forensic settings (e.g., child custody cases). d. None of the above . e. Only a and c are true . 32. According to the basic rule of psychoanalysis, a therapist might start a session by stating: a. Say w hatever comes to mind. b. “Why did you come in to see me today? ” c. “What kinds of problems are we trying to work through? ” d. “This is what I have in mind for today. ” e. It would depend on the age of the client. 33. Free association: a. Can be used with dreams . b. Is also known as the basic rule . c. Should be done under optimal conditions . d. All of the above. e. None of the above . 34. If you were a psychoanalytic therapist, which statement would best fit your theoretical approach?