(Test Bank) Adult Development and Aging, Canadian Edition

Whitbourne,Whitbourne,Konnert, 2

Social Science

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2nd Edition

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Author(s): Whitbourne, Whitbourne, Konnert

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Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging, 2nd Canadian Edition, By Whitbourne, Whitbourne, Konnert (All Chapters) Chapter 1 Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging Multiple Choice Questions 1. Research on adaptation to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and longevity may very well be your ______ age. a) chronological b) subjective c) biological d) sociological Answer: b Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 2. The term __________ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical changes, cognition, and social context: a) biopsychosocial b) physiocultural c) multidirectional d) transformational Answer: a Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 3. Of the following areas of aging, which would be considered a “b iological” component of the biopsychosocial model? a) Changes in muscle mass. b) Loss of a spouse. c) Retirement from a job. d) Gains in vocabulary skills. Answer: a Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 4. Which of the following would be considered a “social” age -related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective? a) Improving in wisdom. b) Losing muscle strength. c) Becoming a grandparent. d) Increasing in conscientiousness. Answer: c Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 5. The changes that individuals experience in income and residence when they retire and move out of the home where they spent their working lives would fall into the ____________ domain of the biopsychosocial model. a) psychological b) socioc ultural c) biological d) cognitive Answer: b Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 6. Changes over time in an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging? a) Sociocultural b) Biological c) Gerontological d) Psychological Answer: d Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 7. According to the continuity principle of adult development and aging, the exp eriences you have as a young adult will play what role in your development? a) Young people are able to make up for any damage they do their bodies when they get older. b) The friends people have in their college years will most likely be the same ones the y have later in life. c) People retain their identities about as they get older, even though their appearance changes. d) Older adults would prefer to be treated as “old” rather than as the people they were when younger. Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 8. The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over life in a cumulative fashion. a) selection b) continuity c) individuality d) normati ve Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 9. Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may not be true for everyone born in a given period of time. a) institutionalized b) less able c) young -old d) survivors Answer: d Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 10. Which of the following might account for the fact that the people who live to old age are the “survivors”? a) They ate foods that are rich in dietary cholesterol. b) Their families provided a strong support network. C) They have lived a life in which they took high risks. d) They avoided exercising or being too physically active. Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 11. How does the fact that older adults are survivors influence research on aging? a) Researchers must adapt th eir test instruments to accommodate them. b) Healthy older adults tend to be the exception rather than the rule. c) Psychological studies have less validity than studies on biology of aging. d) The available samples are positively selected on important cha racteristics. Answer: d Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 12. Which of the following is not characteristic of older adult survivors? a) Good health and physical funtioning b) Cognitive and intellectual functioning c) Opportunistic risk taking d) Personality Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 13. 75-year -old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly. However, Mrs. B.’s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging? a) Interindividual differences. b) Normal aging is different from disease . c) Survivors are an increasingly select group. d) Changes are continuous over the life span. Answer: a Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 14. A 77 -year -old man has loved to jog for his entire life, and he is still able to keep up a pretty good pace. However, he is suffering hearing loss which makes it difficult for him to enjoy the music he likes to play while out on his run. In addition, he’s noticing that it’s getting harder for him to see the street signs unless the sun is brightly shining. This man illustrates which principle of aging? a) continuity b) multidirectionality c) survivor effects d) tertiary aging Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 15. Researchers studying the v olume of the hippocampus within the brain showed the importance of examining individual differences in aging by finding that: a) most of the adults 70 and older had greater hippocampal volume than the younger adults. b) the overall direction of hippocampal volume change was slightly positive starting at age 30. c) at least some older adults studied had equal or higher brain volume than some young adults. d) the greatest variation in hippocampal volume occurred among adults who were in their late 20s. Answe r: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 16. The idea there are differences within the individual in the rate of aging is referred to as: a) interindividual variability. b) multidirectionality. c) personal aging. d) nonnormative influences. Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 17. The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that: a) changes are continuous. b) aging is interdisciplinary. c) indivi duality matters . d) only the survivors grow old. Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 18. The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________ aging: a) tertiary b) primary c) normal d) accelerated Answer: a Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 19. Changes due to normal aging include which type of processes? a) Abnormal and disease -related b) Sudden and rapid c) Preventative and compensatory d) Universal and progressive Answer: d Sectio n Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 20. Which of the following would be considered an example of “normal” age -related psychological changes? a) lowering of self -esteem b) moderation of personal qualities c) development of sleep pr oblems d) losing interest in hobbies Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 21.Which of the following is considered an example of secondary aging? a) Developing diabetes at the age of 67. b) Marrying for the third time at age 55. c) Working part -time at the age of 72. d) Moving to a retirement community at age 62. Answer: a Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 22. Due to the process of ______ aging, an older adult may develop a disease such as skin cancer after years of exposure to the sun. a) primary b) tertiary c) secondary d) normal Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 23. A term in gerontology used to refer to people who are in the ag e group of 65 -74 is: a) oldest -old b) middle -old c) healthy -old d) young -old Answer: d Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 24. People referred to as “old -old” have which specific characteristic? a) Prematurely gray and wrinkled b) Between the ages of 75 -84 c) Retire after the age of 65 d) Become grandparents in middle age Answer: b Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 25. A centenarian falls technically into the category of which division of the older adult population? a) young -old b) oldest old c) old-old d) super -old Answer: b Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 26. People now considered supercentenarians, such as Jeanne Louise Calment, live past the age of: a) 100. b) 90. c) 130. d) 110. Answer: d Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 27. The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning ability is called ___________ age. a) Psychological b) Social c) Biological d) Secondary Answer: a Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 28. A world -class tennis player decides to end her career and retire at the age of 24. Her _____ age would be approximately 65 years old. a) psychological b) biological c) physiological d) social Answer: d Sect ion The Meaning of Age 29. Individuals who are in the period of emerging adulthood are likely to show which qualities? a) Early signs of the normal aging process. b) Transition to responsible family and work roles. c) Difficulties in interacting with old er family members. d) Psychological but not physiological maturity. Answer: b Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 30. Genevieve is 27 years old, finishing graduate school and living with her parents. As she makes her transition into adulthood, psychologists would consider her an example of someone in the age period called _______ adulthood . a) emerging b) young -old c) psychological d) normative Answer: a Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 31. The large impact of the COVID -19 pandemic makes it a ________________ influence on development. a) secondary aging b) normative history -graded c) personal aging d) normative age -graded Answer: b Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 32. The term "gender" refers to: a) biologically assigned characteristics. b) self-identification as male or female. c) treatment of women in society. d) orientation toward sexual partners. Answer: b Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging 33. The main focus of the large British study known as Whitehall II is on the role of ____________ as a factor in development. a) historical change b) racial disparities c) social class d) nationality Answer: c Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging 34. As indicated in the text, according to the 20 16 Census, in Canada the largest visible minority group aged 65 and older is: a) Hispanic ; Latin American b) Asian c) Black d) Aboriginal Answer: b Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging 35. Which of the following topics would be considered to provide evidence on the effect of sex in development? a) Disparities in income b) Social role expectations c) Identification as a male o r female d) Role of hormones in behavior Answer: d Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging 36. Highly developed countries that have nearly equal birth and death rates have an age -sex structure that resembles which shape? a) Trapezoid b) Circle C) Diamond d) Rectangle Answer: d Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 37. The term ____________ is used to refer to individuals who fought in World War II. a) Greatest Generation b) Baby Boom c) Millennials d) Gen Xers Answer: a Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 38. According to Statistics Canada, as of July 1, 201 9 the percentage of people 65 and older in Canada is approximately _____ percent . a) 15.5 b) 17.5 c)21.5 d) 28.5 Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 39. The ____ for humans has never changed. a) life expectancy b) life span c) compression of morbidity d) adjusted life expectancy Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 40. The term life ______ refers to the maximum number of years that a species lives, reflecting its genetic inheritance. a) length/expectancy b) span c) limit d) potential Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 41. The increased population of adults aged 65 and older in Canada can be attributed specifically to the higher life _______ being achieved by current generations. a) length b) expectancy c) growth d) span Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 42. The number of years a person can expect to live with relatively little disability is known as: a) life span projection . b) morbidity -free span . c) functional age . d) health -adjusted life expectancy . Answer: d Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 43. The parents of people in the Ba by Boom generation are known as: a) Gen B . b) Senior Boom . c) Silent Generation . d) Pioneer Cohort . Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 44. According to Statistics Canada (201 9) the average life expectancy at birth Is ____ for women and _________ for men. a) 75; 72 .5 b) 78; 75 .9 c) 82; 78.7 d) 84; 79.9 Answer: d Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 45. According to Statistics Canada (201 9) the health -adjusted life expectancy for Canadians is ______ years for women and ____for men . a) 65.5; 60.5 b) 66.5; 62.5 c) 69.5; 67 d) 70.5; 69 Answer: d Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 46. The highest percentage of Canadians aged 65 and older are located which province(s)? a) Newfoundland and Labrador b) Quebec c) Manitoba and Saskatchewan d) British Columbia Answer: a Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 47. According to Statistics Canada, as of July 1, 201 9, the median age of the Canadian population is approximately ____years. a) 32.8 b) 35.8 c) 40.8 d) 45.8 Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 48. The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately: a) 106 million b) 2.37 billion c) 1.57 billion d) 670 mil lion Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 49. The world region with the highest percent age distribution of population aged 65 and older is: a) Africa . b) Asia. c) Europe . d) North America . Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 50.as According to He and colleagues (2016) the greatest decline in world population aged 65 and older from 2015 to 2050 is expected for : a) Africa b) Asia c) Europe d) North America Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 51. The effects of a changing environment including normative -graded, history -graded, and non -normative changes refer to: a) Biological aging b) Psychological aging c) Social aging d) Personal aging Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World Short Answer 52. Provide examples of concepts from the fields involved in the biopsychosocial perspective. Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 53. Why is the bi opsychosocial perspective important in understanding the processes of adult development and aging? Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 54. What are the four principles underlying the study of adult development and aging? Section Referenc e: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 55. Why is it important to distinguish normal aging from disease? Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 56. What are advantages and disadvantages of using a particular age to define "adult"? Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 57. Define and explain the purpose of using alternative indices of age. Section Reference: The Meaning of Age 58. List the three influences on development and provide examples of each. Section Reference: The Meaning of Age Essay 59. Why do researchers believe it is important to distinguish personal from social aging? 60. List and define the 5 major social categorizations used in describing the findings and theories in adu lt development and aging. Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging 61. What might be the reasons for so few studies on the role of religion and spirituality in aging? What might researchers be missing by failing to study this topic? Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging 62. What are the two main factors that have contributed to changes in life expectancy in the last 100 year s? Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 63. What are the four main implications of changes in the age distribution of the population in Canada over the next 30 to 40 years? Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle -Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World 64. What is the value of using age as a means of understanding development? Would alternative indices be more useful? Why or why not? 65. Why is it important to understand individual differences in the process of development in later life? 66. How will changes in the age distribution of the population affect society as a whole? Provide specific examples. Chapter 2 Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood Multiple Choice 1.According to Erikson’s model, someone who criticizes Millenials as “lazy, narcissistic, and self -absorbed” may be high on: a) mistrust b) guilt c) stagnation d) inferiority Answer: c Section Reference: Models of Individual -Environment Interactions 2. The life -span perspective in development emphasizes: a) decline i n later adulthood due to biological changes. b) psychological rather than biological influences on the individual c) understanding development as continuous from childhood to old age. d) childhood as the most important period of an individual’s life. Answ er: b Section Reference: Models of Individual -Environment Interactions 3. The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective. a) gerontological b) life span c) contextual d) sociocultural Answer: b Section Reference: Models of Individual -Environment Interactions 4. To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time, the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the fiel d. a) psychology b) sociology c) science d) programming Answer: c Section Reference: Models of Individual -Environment Interactions 5. A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control a ging at the cellular level. It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development. a) psychosocial b) organismic c) existential d) mechanistic Answer: b Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 6. Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories? a) Sociological b) Behavioral c) Social -psychological d) Biological Answer: d Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Inte ractions 7. According to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by: a) seeking genetic therapy. b) accelerating the rate of the social clock. c) describing the changes that occur in their bodies. d) engaging in physical and mental exercise. Answer: d Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 8. The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development? a) Mechanistic. b) Organismic. c) Reciprocal. d) Interactionist. Answer: a Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 9. A young woman joins her university’s intramural tennis team because it’s a sport she always wanted to try but had no opportunitie s to do so. It turns out that she’s virtually a natural and soon advances to the top of the varsity team’s roster. This example illustrates which process in individual -environment interactions? a) multidimensionality b) epigenesis c) niche -picking d) accom modation Answer: c Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 10. The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory? a) Activity b) Disengagement c) Mechanistic d) Ecological Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 11. Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home, school, and community? a) Reciprocal b) Mechanistic c) Organismic d) Contextual Answer: a Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 12. In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual? a) mesosystem b) exosystem c) macrosystem d) microsystem Answer: d Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 13. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, the macrosystem includes: a) friends, fa mily, and others who the individual knows. b) culture, nationality, and the economic structure. c) the community and healthcare agencies. d) changes that occur in systems over time. Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 14. In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system includes the workplace and social environment as well as neighbours, political and mass media ? a) mesosystem b) exosystem c) macrosystem d) microsystem Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Individual Development 15. The changes that take place over time, according to the ecological model of development, fall into the realm of the: a) social clock b) chronosystem c) age strata d) macrosystem Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 16. In the Whitehall II study, the fact that living in affluent as opposed to poor areas of London was related to life expectancy provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner’s model? a) Sociocultural b) Proximal c) Adaptational d) Reciprocal Answer: a Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 17. A 35 -year -old woman feels conc erned about her career because she believes that, by this age, she should have advanced further than she has by now. Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development? a) life span b) life course c) life expecta ncy d) life clock Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 18. An older adult couple in your neighborhood retired from their jobs as teachers but continue to work in the community as school volunteers. It seems as if they enjoy maintaining similar roles that they had when they were working. They would be a good example of which role satisfaction theory of aging? a) Social clock b) Disengagement c) Continuity d) Organismic Answer: c Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 19. The idea of being “on -time” or “off -time” in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model. a) role fulfillment b) disengagement c) social clock d) identity process Answer: c Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 20. According to research cited in your text, university students most likely to hold negative views of the elderly are those who: a) volunteer in personal care/ nursing home s. b) have grandparents . c) identif y with their own age group. d) identify with extended family members. Answer: c Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 21. According to your text, which of the following is a misconception about aging indicated by the World Health Organization (2018) as a need for policy implications? a)Older adults compete for jobs with younger adults . b)Health costs increase as a function of age . c)A large proportion of older adults require care . d)Social and economic inequities contribute to diversity in older adults . Answer: d Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 22. The modernization hypothesis of ageism proposes that attitudes toward older adults will be most negative in societies that: a) emph asize oral traditions in which families hand down collective wisdom. b) do not believe in an afterlife in which people can come back from the dead. c) value people for the amount they can produce and contribute to society. d) insist that older adults try to “fit in” by looking as young as possible. Answer: c Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 23. As proposed by terror management theory, the cause of ageism can be traced to: a) lack of familiarity about the aging process. b) loss of contact with older adults in the family. c) greater urbanization and industrialization in society. d) the anxiety that people feel about their own deaths. Answer: d Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 24. The multiple jeopardy hypothesis proposes that ageism will be most severe for people who have which characteristic? a) Being from more than one category of minority status. b) Only being over the age of 75 years old. c) Frequent involvement with younger adults. d) Unab le to live independently in the community. Answer: a Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 25. People who resolve the industry vs. inferiority issue associated with Erikson’s psychosocial theory unfavorably are likely to have difficulty in which area of development? a) Identifying with the work ethic. b) Getting close to a romantic partner. c) Being able to accept death. d) Having a strong sense of self. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 26. An older adult faced with issues pertaining to autonomy vs. shame and doubt, in Erikson’s theory, might be confronting which situation? a) Trying to meet new friends after having recently become widowed. b) Having to move to a nursing home instead of bein g able to live independently. c) Recovering from having been mugged after getting off the bus. d) Becoming concerned about an illness that is likely to be terminal. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 27. In Erikson’s theory, which of the following behaviors would be considered specific to a person high in generativity? a) Becoming independent from one’s parents. b) Mentoring a younger colleague. c) Investing in a risky new financial venture. d) Appreciating a beautiful work of art. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 28. People who find it difficult to establish long -lasting, mutually satisfying, close relationships would be considered, in Erikson’s th eory, to be high on which specific quality? a) Stagnation b) Mistrust c) Despair d) Isolation Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 29. A man in his 50s finds that he does his best work when he allows himself to daydream or even take a break and play a video game. According to Erikson, this man would be high in the quality of: a) initiative b) identity c) industry d) inferiority Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulth ood 30. When people are first confronted with new ideas or approaches, they often resist accepting them and instead use their existing schemas or ways of responding. According to Piaget, this process is called: a) equilibrium b) assimilation c) epigenesi s d) accommodation Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 31. A 70 -year -old who refuses to think of herself as hearing impaired even though she truly has difficulty hearing conversations at ordinary levels, would b e considered to show which identity process? a) Secondary aging b) Identity assimilation c) Ego integrity d) Identity accommodation Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 32. In the process called identity ______________, people make use of negative information about themselves and acknowledge these areas of weakness to facilitate change and thereby enhance their sense of self. a) assimilation b) reflection c) balance d) accommodation Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 33. In process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling und uly disturbed or devastated. a) assimilation b) reflection c) balance d) accommodation Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 34. A person using the process of identity balance would have which reaction to age-related changes in physical functioning? a) Maintaining a stable view of self despite the change. b) Becoming upset and disturbed over any sign of loss or decline. c) Pretending that the change has not occurred. d) Giving up entirely on any form of phy sical exercise. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 35. The feeling that a person is able to succeed at a specific type of task is referred to as ______________ a) selective optimization. b) identity accommodati on. c) self-efficacy. d) ego integrity Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 36. The selective optimization with compensation model proposes that older adults engage in what type of behavior when faced with loss? a) Seek help from younger adults to do those tasks for them. b) Try to put more energy into the abilities which they care about the most. c) Continue to try to achieve their goals, even if they seem out of reach. d) Disengage from as many social roles and obligations as they can. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 37. In the Selective Optimization with ____________ model, older adults are proposed to cut down on the abilities they are weak and make up with the abilities on which they show greater potential for improvement. a) Cognition b) Compensation c) Complexity d) Coping Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 38. The multiple threshold model of aging predict s that people will experience challenges to their identities as they get older in a ______________ manner. a) clocklike b) stepwise c) sudden d) selective Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 39. The ________ th eory refers to deleterious changes in cells of the body’s connective tissue such as skins, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. a) free radical b) cross linking c) error catastrophe d) autoimmune Answer: b Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 40. The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers scan the entire genome looking for signs of genetic disorders is known as what type of study? a) genome -wide linkage b) mutation analysis c) genome -wide association d) random error investigation Answer: c Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 41. The life span of humans a) has increased dramatically in the last century. b) is dependent on contextual factors. c) is increasing for females rather than for males. d) has never changed. Answer: d Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 42. The Gompertz curve shows the relationship between: a) calories and rate of aging. b) free radicals and cancer. c) death rate and age. d) exercise and life span. Answer: c Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 43. According to the biological theory known as error catastrophe, the most significant effects of aging involve which str ucture in the cell? a) Chromosome b) Mitochondrial DNA c) Microfibril d) Collagen