(Test Bank) Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities Volume I & II

Cunningham,Reich,Rathus, 9

Social Science

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9th Edition

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Test Bank for Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities Volume I & II, The downloadable file consists of 185 pages, and the total size of the file is 3.54 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Cunningham, Reich, Rathus

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Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 1 Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What artifacts from Jericho are considered an indication that they practiced ancestor worship? a. fertility figures b. burial statues c. restored skulls d. stone shrines 2. Where are some of the oldest paintings of humankind found? a. Sub-Saharan Africa b. Lascaux c. Amarna d. Egypt 3. During the Neolithic period, a major development in agriculture was the ability to: a. accumulate and store grain b. feed large numbers of livestock c. build larger architectural structures d. control bodies of water 4. According to the text, what have archaeologists posited that Stonehenge was? a. an ancient temple b. a storage facility for weapons c. a monument to a great leader d. a solar calendar and observatory 5. What do archaeologists believe the Venus of Willendorf depicts? a. a Greek goddess b. a female fertility figure c. a famous queen d. a child 6. Where did the Sumerians first settle? a. The Upper Nile b. The Fertile Crescent c. The Mediterranean Islands d. Western Africa 7. What are two Semitic languages? a. Arabic and Hebrew b. Urdu and Hindi c. Persian and Arabic d. Greek and Maltese 8. What was Sumerian religion based upon? (Test Bank, Answer at the end of each Chapter)Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 2 a. animal worship b. spirits of ancestors c. natural phenomena d. monotheism 9. What was the first great literary work of ancient Mesopotamia? a. Ashurbanipal b. Book of the Dead c. Epic of Gilgamesh d. Tutankhamen’s autobiography 10. According to legend, who dictated to King Hammurabi the laws that he would later include in the Law Code of Hammurabi ? a. Enlil b. Shamash c. Aton d. Osiris 11. Which civilization succeeded in uniting Mesopotamia in about 1800 B.C.E.? a. Assyrians b. Kassites c. Babylonians d. Sumerians 12. How have modern scholars typically divided the history of ancient Egypt? a. into two major periods b. into three major periods c. into four major periods d. into six major periods 13. In general terms, what is most striking about the long history of Egyptian culture? a. The evolution of its writing system b. Its unity and consistency c. Its ever-changing, highly diverse nature d. Its isolation from all surrounding cultures 14. Who was the earliest great architect to appear in historical record? a. Khafre b. Djoser c. Babur d. Imhotep 15. Who became the most important deity during the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt? a. Aton Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 3 b. Isis c. Minos d. Knossos 16. How did the art of Amarna differ from conventional Egyptian art? a. It employed a stylized, artificial quality. b. It was highly formal, apparently intended only for somber occasions. c. It had greater lightness and naturalism. d. It depicted female figures exclusively. 17. What civilization conquered the Babylonian Empire? a. The Semites b. The Persians c. The Kassites d. The Sumerians 18. Which art form is particularly characteristic of the Cyclades islands? a. Marble figurines b. Pottery c. Frescoes d. Wood sculptures 19. Who discovered the civilization that predated the Mycenaeans? a. Sir Arthur Evans b. Lord Wilton Spiel c. Heinrich Schliemann d. Howard Carter 20. Who was the central deity in Minoan religion? a. a being that is half-man and half-wolf b. a river god c. a sun god d. there is not enough evidence to know 21. Who succeeded the Minoans? a. the Sumerians b. the Persians c. the Mycenaeans d. the Kassites 22. Which war provided the background for Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey ? a. the Peloponnesian War b. the Trojan War c. the Persian War Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 4 d. the Babylonian War 23. What important archaeological discovery was made during the 1920s? a. Kingdom of Knossos b. Tomb of Tutankhamen c. Royal Grave Circle d. Altar to Osiris 24. What city was buried beneath the Roman city of Ilium? a. Attica b. Sparta c. Athens d. Troy 25. What colossal sculpture stands next to the pyramids at Gizeh? a. Statue of Amen -Re b. The Great Sphinx c. Statue of Khafre d. Gilgamesh 26. An example of Sumerian architecture used for religious practices: a. ziggurat b. votive c. pyramid d. tholos 27. An upright stone slab decorated with relief carvings: a. register b. cuneiform c. fresco d. stele 28. Who was an Assyrian king of ancient Mesopotamia? a. Hammurabi b. Ashurbanipal c. Cyrus d. Nergal 29. Which Egyptian pharaoh built the Great Sphinx? a. Imhotep b. Ramses c. Khafre d. Tutankhamen Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 5 30. Which was a river in Mesopotamia? a. Nile b. Ganges c. Euphrates d. Arapitsa 31. The center of Minoan civilization was: a. Thera b. Knossos c. Thebes d. Mycenae 32. The vertical shafts running down through Minoan palaces are called: a. columns b. lintels c. dromos d. light wells 33. Which Egyptian god symbolized death and rebirth? a. Osiris b. Aton c. Hatshepsut d. Seth 34. Which is the correct name for a tomb chamber shaped like a beehive? a. sarcophagus b. dromos c. tholos d. mortuary temple 35. Which family of languages includes Arabic, Aramaic, and Hebrew? a. Indo-Iranian b. Semitic c. Omotic d. Sumerian 36. What are the six characteristics of civilized societies and of civilization mentioned in the textbook? 37. How was national unity maintained in ancient Egypt despite the differences between the regions of the Upper and Lower Nile? 38. What are three universal themes touched upon in the Epic of Gilgamesh ? 39. How did the focus of Mycenaean art and architecture differ from that of the Minoans? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 6 40. What is the Greek myth of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 7 Answer Key 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. d 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 8 26. a 27. d 28. b 29. c 30. c 31. b 32. d 33. a 34. c 35. b 36. The 6 characteristics of civilization are: • urban life, with permanent settlements • a system of government • distinct social classes • tools and specialized skills which lead to manufacturing and trade • a written form of communication • a shared system of religious belief 37. National unity was maintained through a strong central government controlled by the pharaoh, whose power was further consolidated by the people’s belief in his divinity. Moreover, this power was cemented by a priesthood which disseminated the national religion throughout the Upper and Lower Nile regions through a strict adherence to traditional rituals and arts. 38. The universal themes touched upon in the Epic of Gilgamesh include: • The elevation of some human beings over others • The disregard for nature and the natural order of things • The virtues and rewards of the simple life • The pleasures of love, companionship, food, and drink • The fear of death • The desire for fame and glory 39. Mycenaean art, unlike that of the Minoans, focused on death and war. The Mycenaeans built large fortressed palaces and richly furnished tombs. Similar to the Minoans, the walls of the Mycenaean palaces were decorated with frescos; however, in contrast with the vivacity of the Minoans, these works are characterized by a solemn, dignified style. 40. The Labyrinth was in Knossos, Crete, and in it was a Minotaur—half man and half bull—to whom seven boys and Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 – BEGINNINGS Powered by Cognero Page 9 girls were regularly sacrificed. According to legend, Theseus killed the Minotaur, freed the children, and escaped with King Minos’s daughter, Ariadne. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 – The Rise of Greece Powered by Cognero Page 1 Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What Greek epic poem recounts the story of Achilles and the Trojan War? a. the Odyssey b. the Iliad c. the Aeneid d. the Epic of Gilgamesh 2. Which of the following statements about early Greek religion is NOT true? a. Deities typically had the physical features of animals. b. Deities typically had complex, contradictory personalities. c. Greeks saw in the lives of the gods and goddesses a reflection of their own human struggles. d. Greeks did not have a mythological analog to Satan. 3. What does the term “polis” refer to? a. the ruling class b. a self-governing city-state c. the city theater d. Greek soldiers 4. How did Greek religion differ from Judaism and Christianity? a. It involved formal worship ceremonies. b. It was polytheistic. c. It was based upon the worship of animals. d. It was based upon spirit -possession ritual. 5. What role did mythology serve in the lives of the Greeks? a. Mythology was understood to represent an accurate and incontrovertible recounting of historical fact. b. Mythology was understood to represent the direct word of God. c. Mythology was understood to help humans understand their own lives. d. Mythology was purely a vehicle for entertainment. 6. What two opposing characteristics were represented by Apollo and Dionysus, respectively? a. love vs. hate b. logic vs. emotion c. productivity vs. laziness d. joy vs. sorrow 7. Which Greek god represented supreme good? a. Zeus b. Orpheus c. Apollo d. There was no god that represented supreme good. 8. Who was the first known “author” in the history of western literature? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 – The Rise of Greece Powered by Cognero Page 2 a. Homer b. Herodotus c. Darius d. Pythagoras 9. Which of the following statements about the philosopher Pythagoras is true? a. He believed that mathematics could be used to explain all things in the universe. b. His dialogues with Socrates are the most famous of his writings. c. He was a major proponent of dualism. d. He believed music was a divine mystery that humans could not explain. 10. Who are Achilles, Agamemnon, Hector, Patroclus, and Priam? a. the main characters in the Odyssey b. Greek gods c. the main characters in the Iliad d. Greek philosophers 11. What kinds of information does painted pottery NOT provide about early Greek culture? a. passages of text from authors such as Homer or Sappho b. musical instruments c. everyday acts such as farming and weaving d. mythological images 12. What is the “meander” found on Greek geometric pottery? a. a floral image b. a crisscross pattern c. a garland design d. a maze -like design 13. By the 8th century BCE, what had become the principal subject of Greek art? a. the female body b. the human body c. the figure of Apollo d. the figure of Zeus 14. A lyre is which of the following: a. a type of nymph in Greek mythology b. a weapon used by soldiers c. a musical instrument with seven strings d. an architectural feature 15. The term “Ionic” refers to which of the following? a. a musical scale b. among pre-Socratic philosophers, a theory of matter Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 – The Rise of Greece Powered by Cognero Page 3 c. an architectural order d. a literary style 16. What impact did the tyrant rulers have on Greek society? a. They crushed the Republic. b. They supported the arts. c. They developed the state laws. d. They destroyed public property in an attempt to destabilize the government. 17. What did a smile on the face of an archaic -period sculpture signify? a. the subject was from the upper class b. the subject was a happy person c. the subject was a living human being d. the subject was a shepherd 18. What characterizes early Greek music? a. It was instrumental, performed only for kings and nobility. b. It was choral, performed by large groups at private concerts. c. It was polyphonic, with several interweaving melodies. d. It was monophonic, made up of single melodies. 19. What is a mode in Greek music? a. a distinct scale type b. a stringed instrument c. a narrative song d. a historical story 20. In Greek music, what was the doctrine of ethos? a. Music should convey the moral values of the society. b. Music can influence human behavior. c. Music was associated with Dionysius and Aphrodite. d. Music was a precious gift to humans from the gods. 21. What is lyric verse? a. poetry that is accompanied by a lyre b. poetry which conveys personal feelings c. stories told through dance d. stories recounting the deeds of heroes, gods, and demigods 22. Who was the first woman to leave a literary record of her personal feelings? a. Xerxes b. Helena c. Augustina d. Sappho Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 – The Rise of Greece Powered by Cognero Page 4 23. Which philosopher, sometimes called the “first Western philosopher,” believed that all change in the world was caused by water? a. Thales b. Anaxagoras c. Pythagoras d. Empedocles 24. Which dualist philosopher believed that our world was subject to constant change and stated, “It is not possible to step into the same river twice”? a. Democritus b. Heraclitus c. Zeno d. Leucippus 25. Who was the first great Greek historian (the “Father of History”)? a. Darius b. Ptolemy c. Herodotus d. Augustus 26. In Greek mythology, who is the king of the Underworld? a. Olympus b. Hades c. Artemis d. Hephaestus 27. What is the term for a double -reed musical instrument? a. dithyramb b. cella c. kithara d. aulos 28. A choral hymn sung during a tragedy in honor of Dionysus is called a ________. a. dithyramb b. peplos c. spondee d. ekphrasis 29. What is the term for stone sculpture that projects from its background? a. hubris b. black -figure technique c. relief d. trochee 30. What is the name for a clothed female figure in Archaic period sculpture? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 – The Rise of Greece Powered by Cognero Page 5 a. cella b. peripteral c. red figure d. kore 31. The term “hubris” refers to which of the following? a. excessive pride, arrogance b. lack of courage c. sadness d. jealousy 32. What is the term for the rectangular panels that alternate with triglyphs on a Doric frieze? a. stylobates b. metopes c. kraters d. medias res 33. What is the earliest known example of Greek epic poetry? a. the Odyssey b. the Epic of Gilgamesh c. Theogony d. the Iliad 34. Which of the following translates to “love of wisdom”? a. tragedy b. ekphrasis c. philosophy d. in medias res 35. A Greek term meaning “character,” ______ was used to describe the ability of each musical mode to affect human behavior in a specific way. a. ethos b. kouros c. nostos d. epithetic 36. How did the physical topography of Greece affect the development of the states? 37. What were the core beliefs of the Atomist school of Greek philosophy? 38. How did the Doric style differ from the Ionic style or order of architecture (consider the base, capital, frieze)? 39. According to Herodotus, why were the Persians defeated? What Greek word does Herodotus use for his explanation? What is the English translation of this word? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 – The Rise of Greece Powered by Cognero Page 6 40. How did the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey come into being? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 – The Rise of Greece Powered by Cognero Page 7 Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. a 10. c 11. a 12. d 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. c Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 – The Rise of Greece Powered by Cognero Page 8 26. b 27. d 28. a 29. c 30. d 31. a 32. b 33. d 34. c 35. a 36. Greece is comprised of a series of mountain ranges and high hills that crisscross and divide the region into discrete areas. Thus, the main urban centers and accompanying states developed in relative isolation from one another. 37. They believed that the ultimate, unchangeable reality consisted of atoms—small, imperceptible, and indivisible particles—and the void, or nothingn ess, in which these particles moved freely. They further considered atoms to be eternal and uncreated —always there. 38. The Doric order architecture differed from the Ionic style or order of architecture in the following ways: Doric Ionic • the base? no base layered base • the capital? abacus and echinus abacus and volutes • the frieze? triglyphs and metopes continuous band 39. According to Herodotus, the Persians were defeated because they were in the moral wrong. Their fault was an excess of hubris, which means excessive ambitio n or pride. 40. The Iliad and the Odyssey were initially a body of several stories which recounted the events of the Trojan wars. It is believed that these tales crystallized into a cohesive form—similar to their present form—around 800 BCE, and that the first written versions were made after 600 BCE. The version used by most scholars today was written by a scribe in Alexandria in the second century BCE. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 03 – CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Powered by Cognero Page 1 Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What name is given to the period of Greek history between the Persian Wars and the death of Alexander the Great? a. the Hellenistic Period b. the Alexandrian Period c. the Classical Period d. the Athenian Period 2. What descriptive name has been given to the Athenian civilization of the last half of the 5th century BCE? a. the Age of Philosophy b. the Golden Age of Greece c. the Age of Drama d. the Mythological Period 3. What is the subject of the frieze on the Altar of Zeus at Pergamon? a. the battle of the gods and giants b. the creation of the world c. the rise to power of Alexander the Great d. the war between Athens and Sparta 4. What name is given to the period of history following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE (and until the rise of the Roman Empire)? a. the Doric Period b. the Delian Period c. the Peloponnesian Period d. the Hellenistic Period 5. What does Plato illustrate in his Allegory of the Cave? a. the destruction of the natural world b. the limits of human sense perception c. the importance of traditional religion d. the value of supporting the visual arts 6. What accounts for the powerful position of Athens during the first half of the Classical period? a. Athenians’ superior skill in craftsmanship b. Athens’ decisive role in the defeat of the Persians c. Athens’ highly developed system of trade routes d. Athenians’ rejections of religious worship in favor of more practical concerns 7. Who introduced the idea of catharsis in his analysis of drama (specifically tragedy)? a. Aristotle b. Aeschylus c. Socrates Name: Class: Date: Chapter 03 – CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Powered by Cognero Page 2 d. Pythagoras 8. What was the cause of the Peloponnesian War? a. the abduction of Helen b. the humiliation of Philip of Macedon c. the murder of Clytemnestra d. Athens’s use of the Delian League’s treasury 9. Which political leader is most associated with the achievements of the Athenian Golden Age? a. Sophocles b. Doryphoros c. Pericles d. Aeschylus 10. What was the primary function of the chorus in Sophocles’ plays? a. to sing praise to the gods b. to provide a commentary upon the events of the plot c. to interject comic episodes into a tragic play d. to help forward the action of the plot 11. Who was the first important Athenian tragic dramatist (author of the Oresteia trilogy)? a. Sophocles b. Euripides c. Aeschylus d. Sappho 12. Who was the author of Antigone and Oedipus the King? a. Scopas b. Aeschylus c. Sophocles d. Thucydides 13. Which Greek dramatist showed the most sympathy for the problems of women? a. Sophocles b. Euripides c. Socrates d. Polynices 14. Who was the greatest Greek author of comedic plays? a. Sophocles b. Phidias c. Aristophanes d. Xenophon Name: Class: Date: Chapter 03 – CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Powered by Cognero Page 3 15. What events do Plato’s works the Apology , the Crito , and Phaedo record? a. Socrates’ final days b. the Peloponnesian War c. the Alexandrian Wars d. the teachings of Ptolemy 16. What school did Aristotle found after breaking his ties with his mentor Plato? a. the Parthenon b. the Acropolis c. the Lyceum d. the Academy 17. According to Aristotle, what caused the downfall of tragic heroes? a. the petty bickering of the gods b. a character flaw or miscalculation c. the deceit of family members d. ignorance or lack of information 18. What was the subject of the Canon by Polyclitus? a. a mathematical formula for human proportions in visual arts b. a design for a previously unknown weapon c. the proportions of celestial bodies d. the makeup of the ideal state 19. What effect did the Peloponnesian War have on Euripides’s drama? a. He wrote comedies to lighten the post-war mood. b. He wrote mythological plays that offered an escape from reality. c. He wrote propagandistic plays that promoted Greek leaders. d. He wrote realistic plays that dealt with the consequences of war. 20. Late Classical sculpture was characterized by which of the following? a. the use of wood as a medium b. realistic depictions of the human body c. an absence of sculptures of deities d. a minimalist style with no textural detail 21. The military leader who conquered Persia and Egypt during the Late Classical period was named ________. a. Pericles b. Philip c. Alexander d. Julius 22. A tetrachord is: Name: Class: Date: Chapter 03 – CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Powered by Cognero Page 4 a. a four-stringed musical instrument b. a cycle of tragic plays c. a feature of Greek architecture d. a grouping of four pitches 23. Where were the centers of Greek art and learning in the Hellenistic Period? a. Corinth and Sparta b. Alexandria, Pergamum, and Antioch c. Troy and Attica d. Miletus and Delos 24. What story was told by the Laocoön sculpture? a. a boy steering a chariot into the sun b. a nymph fleeing the god Apollo c. a wicked god attempting to kill and eat his own children d. a priest and his sons being strangled by sea serpents 25. Into which empire were the Hellenistic cities absorbed? a. the Byzantine Empire b. the Roman Empire c. the Persian Empire d. the Adriatic Empire 26. What was the ruling council of the Athenian democracy? a. chryselephantine b. lekythos c. boule d. entablature 27. What is the term for a female statue used as a column to support a roof? a. caryatid b. entasis c. cella d. stylobate 28. Which play by Sophocles portrays the traumas and anxiety soldiers experience during war? a. Ajax b. The Birds c. Oedipus at Colonus d. Oresteia 29. Who is the main character in Euripides’s tragedy The Suppliant Women ? a. Agamemnon b. Kleonike Name: Class: Date: Chapter 03 – CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Powered by Cognero Page 5 c. Antigone d. Theseus 30. What is the term for the lighthearted play that followed a trilogy of tragedies in the festival of Dionysus? a. eclogue b. satyr play c. farce d. elegy 31. What is the term for the philosopher -teachers who traveled around Greece, offering lessons in reasoning and rhetoric? a. Materialists b. Ecclesia c. Sophists d. Delian League 32. What is the term for a “blood for blood” method of justice, as seen in Aeschylus’s Oresteia ? a. vendetta b. hamartia c. irony d. hubris 33. The comedic dramatist Aristophanes wrote which of the following? a. Antigone b. The Suppliant Women c. The Eumenides d. The Birds 34. Which of the following is NOT true of Greek music theory? a. Music was thought to influence one’s moral character. b. Socrates believed music was a mistake of human evolution. c. Plato and Aristotle wrote about the nature of music and its role in society. d. Each mode (or scale) was associated with an emotion. 35. Which of the following was an outcome of the Peloponnesian War? a. Greece was taken over by the Roman Empire. b. Alexander the Great became leader of the Greek army. c. Athens was no longer the most powerful city-state. d. Aristotle was assassinated. 36. According to Aristotle, why did Oedipus deserve to suffer for his actions? 37. Why are Greek tragedies still read and performed? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 03 – CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Powered by Cognero Page 6 38. What were the similarities between Plato’s and Aristotle’s views about music? 39. What are the major ways in which Hellenistic art differs from Classical art? 40. How did the actions of Athens create strife within the Delian League? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 03 – CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Powered by Cognero Page 7 Answer Key 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. c 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. d 20. b 21. c 22. d 23. b 24. d 25. b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 03 – CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Powered by Cognero Page 8 26. c 27. a 28. a 29. d 30. b 31. c 32. a 33. d 34. b 35. c 36. Oedipus, despite his efforts to avoid his tragic fate, unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. According to Aristotle, Oedipus deserved to suffer for his actions because he was guilty of hamartia . His excessive pride and stubbornness led to his destruction. 37. Greek tragedies are read and performed today because they deal with human experiences which still have emotional and intellectual power and relevance. 38. Both Plato and Aristotle believed in the doctrine of ethos: that music affected people’s moral development. They believed that different kinds of music could mold human character either for worse or for better. 39. Whereas the artists of the Classical Period emphasized order and balance in their work, the artists of the Hellenistic Period emphasized emotion and expression. The daring and heroism of Alexander’s life infused artists with a spirit of adventure which, in addition to the many portrayals of the Emperor and the tales surrounding his exploits, led to a general freedom of expression throughout the visual arts. These works are characterized by strong contrasts of light and shade, an interest in depicting motion, and a complex composition of elements. 40. The Athenians used money from the treasury of the Delian League to build the Parthenon; however, these funds were supposed to be held and used for the welfare of all the Greek states. This was seen by the member states as an indication of Pericles’s imperialistic designs and thus contri buted to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.