(Test Bank) Psychology A Journey 5th Edition by Coon Chapter 6: Conditioning and Learning

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1 Test Bank for Psychology A Journey 5th Edition by Coon Chapter 6: Conditioning and Learning MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In the introduction to Chapter 6 in your textbook, Larry’s story about how he developed a fear of rats was told. It seems that Larry learned to fear rats when he was a child as he observed his mother’s extreme, irrational fear response upon seeing a rat. Larry developed his fear of rats through a. classical conditioning. b. vicarious classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. insight learning. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Rats! / What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 / 6.1.2 KEY: Application 2. Abstract “book learning” would be considered a form of a. classical conditioning. b. vicarious classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. cognitive learning. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Rats! / What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 / 6.1.3 KEY: Concept 3. Often, the most effective method of helping people to overcome their irrational fears is through a. classical conditioning. b. abstract “book learning.” c. operant conditioning. d. cognitive learning. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Rats! / What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 / 6.1.2 KEY: Concept 4. Learning is best defined as a. any change in behavior. b. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience. c. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to physical development. d. any change in behavior caused by motivation. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 KEY: Fact 2 5. Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of a. motivation. b. maturation. c. experience. d. all of these. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 6. When Tenisha shows any relatively permanent change in her behavior as a result of some experience she has had, she is exhibiting a. reinforcement. b. introspection. c. motivation. d. learning. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 7. Psychologists define learning as a. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. b. a temporary change in behavior due to one’s motivational state. c. behavioral changes as a result of maturation and development. d. the modification and replacement of old behaviors and habits with socially acceptable behaviors. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 KEY: Fact 8. Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Most human behavior is learned. b. If you suddenly lost all you had ever learned, you would be unable to speak, feed yourself, or find your way home. c. Learning includes temporary changes in behavior as well as changes due to motivation and fatigue. d. There are different types of learning, including associative learning and cognitive learning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 9. Which of the following occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various stimuli and/or responses? 3 a. associative learning b. insight learning c. vicarious learning d. cognitive learning ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.2 KEY: Concept 10. Associative learning occurs whenever a person or an animal forms a simple connection among various a. motives and drives. b. reinforcements and punishments. c. stimuli and responses. d. expectancies and types of feedback. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 11. Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog growling at you and the response of fear would be a type of learning. a. insight b. associative c. vicarious d. cognitive ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.2 KEY: Application 12. Forming a connection between the stimulus of seeing a particular food and the response of feeling nauseous would be a type of learning. a. insight b. associative c. vicarious d. cognitive ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 13. Regarding associative and cognitive learning, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning. b. Some animals besides humans do engage in simpler forms of cognitive learning. c. Humans share the capacity for associative learning with many other species. d. Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.2 / 6.1.3 / 6.1.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 4 14. Which of the following types of learning consists of understanding, knowing, anticipating, and making use of information -rich higher mental processes? a. classical conditioning b. respondent learning c. cognitive learning d. operant conditioning ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.3 KEY: Fact 15. Cognitive learning involves a. responding to reinforcers and punishers. b. learning through the consequences of responding. c. forming simple associations between various stimuli and responses. d. making use of information -rich higher mental processes. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 16. If you are making use of information -rich higher mental processes, such as organizing various research articles in writing your term paper, you are engaged in a complex form of a. classical conditioning. b. cognitive learning. c. respondent learning. d. operant conditioning. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.3 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 17. Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of a. classical conditioning. b. associative learning. c. cognitive learning. d. operant conditioning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.3 KEY: Concept 18. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of learning. a. insight b. associative c. vicarious d. cognitive ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 5 KEY: Fact 19. The two types of associative learning are a. classical conditioning and observational learning. b. vicarious learning and cognitive learning. c. classical conditioning and operant conditioning. d. operant conditioning and cognitive learning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Fact 20. Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a particular behavior? a. associative learning b. insight learning c. cognitive learning d. vicarious learning ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 21. Unlocking the secrets of associative of learning begins with noting a. the level of motivation displayed by the respondent. b. the level of maturation of the respondent. c. whether vicarious learning has already occurred. d. what happens before and after a particular behavior. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 22. Events that occur just before a response are called a. respondent stimuli. b. consequences. c. antecedents. d. prologues. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Fact 23. When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home. The sound of the truck would be a(n) a. respondent stimulus. b. consequence. 6 c. antecedent. d. prologue. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Application 24. The effects that occur just after a response are called a. antecedents. b. precursors. c. stimuli. d. consequences. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Fact 25. When she hears her father at the door, three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father. This hug is considered a(n) a. antecedent. b. precursor. c. responding stimulus. d. consequence. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Application 26. When three -year-old Ashley hears her father at the door, she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father. This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley’s response of running to the door? a. strengthens b. classically conditions c. vicariously conditions d. extinguishes ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 27. Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements is/are TRUE? a. Antecedents occur after a response takes place. b. Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs. c. Paying careful attention to the “before and after” of associative learning is a key to understanding it. d. All of these statements are true. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate 7 REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 28. Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response? a. observational learning b. latent learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 29. Classical conditioning is based on a. the consequences of making a response. b. what happens before we respond. c. punishments the organism receives. d. the observation of another organism being reinforced for a response. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate 30. An automatic, unlearned response is called a(n) a. antecedent. b. reflex. c. consequence. d. reinforcer. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Fact 31. The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n) a. antecedent. b. reflex. c. precursor. d. secondary reinforcer. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 8 KEY: Concept 32. In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a a. stimulus automatically elicits a consequence. b. stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response. c. spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences. d. subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Concept 33. In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. cognitive learning d. insight learning ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Concept 34. An antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with a stimulus that does produce the response in a type of learning known as a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. cognitive learning. d. instrumental learning. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Concept 35. A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye. If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone. Thus, blinking to the horn illustrates a. an automatic, non-learned response. b. learning by consequences. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Application 36. If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie, you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie. Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates 9 a. an automatic, non-learned response. b. learning by consequences. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Application 37. In which type of associative learning are the antecedents the most important aspect for the learning to take place? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. cognitive learning d. instrumental learning ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 38. In classical conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the a. antecedents. b. consequences. c. latent reflexes. d. punishers. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 39. Learning that takes place through an association of stimuli is called a. latent learning. b. observational learning. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.5 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 40. In which type of associative learning are the consequences the most important aspect for the learning to take place? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. insight learning d. respondent learning ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 41. In operant conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the 10 a. antecedents. b. consequences. c. latent reflexes. d. punishers. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 42. Operant conditioning is based on a. the consequences of making a response. b. what happens before we respond. c. an association between two reflexes. d. an association between stimuli. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 43. Learning by consequences occurs during a. respondent conditioning. b. insight learning. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 44. A response may be followed by a reinforcer, by punishment, or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again. The type of learning just described is a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. respondent conditioning. d. insight learning. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 KEY: Concept 45. If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments, you are more likely to wear this tie more often. This illustrates a. an automatic, non-learned response. b. observational learning. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 11 KEY: Application 46. Wearing a particular tie because you get lots of compliments when you wear it illustrates a. the effect of reinforcement. b. the effect of punishment. c. a conditioned response. d. an unconditioned response. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 47. If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at, you are less likely to wear this tie again. This illustrates a. an automatic, nonlearned response. b. learning by an association of stimuli. c. operant conditioning. d. classical conditioning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 KEY: Application 48. Wearing a tie less or not at all because you were teased and laughed at when you wore it illustrates a. the effect of reinforcement. b. the effect of punishment. c. a conditioned response. d. an unconditioned response. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.6 KEY: Application 49. Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov’s laboratory that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning? a. Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths. b. Dogs sometimes salivated before the meat powder was placed in their mouths. c. Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex. d. Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Fact 50. Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of a. operant conditioning. b. reinforcement. c. classical conditioning. d. vicarious conditioning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 12 REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Fact 51. Pavlov’s most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to do which of the following behaviors to a new stimulus? a. salivate b. blink c. bark d. regurgitate ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Fact 52. A type of learning was discovered when the dogs in a lab learned to salivate to a bell. Which of the following is NOT one of the names by which this type of learning is known? a. instrumental conditioning b. Pavlovian conditioning c. respondent conditioning d. classical conditioning ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Fact 53. Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to a. Pavlov. b. Bandura. c. Tolman. d. Freud. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Concept 54. Classical conditioning is most often used to condition a. reflexes. b. short-term behavior. c. negative behavior. d. positive behavior. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Fact 55. In Pavlov’s experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog’s tongue was the a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned response. 13 d. unconditioned response. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application 56. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning) was the a. neutral stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned response. d. unconditioned response. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application 57. During and after conditioning, the bell served as which of the following in Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with the dogs? a. conditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 58. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, salivation to the food was the a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned stimulus. d. unconditioned response. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application 59. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, salivation to the bell was the a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned stimulus. d. unconditioned response. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application 60. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the 14 a. food. b. bell. c. salivation to the food. d. salivation to the bell. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application 61. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the unconditioned stimulus was the a. food. b. bell. c. salivation to the food. d. salivation to the bell. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application 62. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the unconditioned response was the a. food. b. bell. c. salivation to the food. d. salivation to the bell. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application 63. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the conditioned response was the a. food. b. bell. c. salivation to the food. d. salivation to the bell. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application 64. The proper order of events required for classical conditioning to occur is a. CS---US---UR. b. US---CS---CR. c. US---UR---CS. d. CS---UR---CR. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? 15 OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Concept 65. In his experiments, Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented a. just before the US. b. at the same time as the US. c. just after the US. d. instead of the US. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Concept 66. To test the presence of classical conditioning, you would omit the a. CS. b. US. c. CR. d. S+. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Concept 67. To determine whether or not conditioning has occurred in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would present the a. bell alone. b. meat powder alone. c. bell, followed by the meat powder. d. meat powder, followed by the bell. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Concept 68. When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response, then which of the following has occurred? a. operant conditioning b. instrumental learning c. respondent conditioning d. insight learning ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact 69. Learning that involves the pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is called a. operant conditioning. b. vicarious learning. c. observational learning. 16 d. classical conditioning. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact 70. The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n) a. conditioned response. b. conditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. classic response. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Concept 71. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response. This neutral stimulus will become known as the a. unconditioned stimulus. b. conditioned stimulus. c. reflexive stimulus. d. latent stimulus. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Concept 72. After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. This learned behavior is then termed the a. neutral stimulus. b. latent stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Concept 73. A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n) a. unconditioned response. b. conditioned response. c. unconditioned stimulus. d. neutral stimulus. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact 74. Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus? 17 a. deliver a puff of air to the eyelid, sound the tone b. sound the tone, deliver a puff of air to the eyelid c. follow the eyeblink response with a mild shock d. follow the eyeblink response with a soft drink ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 75. During classical conditioning, the sound of a clap is paired with a puff of air as the air is being delivered to the eye. The clap is referred to as the stimulus. a. conditioned b. unconditioned c. latent d. instrumental ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 76. If the sound of a clap occurs just before a puff of air is delivered to the eye, the person will, after several repetitions, learn to blink to the sound of the clap. Blinking to the sound of the clap would be considered a a. neutral stimulus. b. conditioned response. c. spontaneous response. d. conditioned stimulus. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 77. Which of the following would most likely be acquired by classical conditioning? a. a rat learning to run through a maze correctly b. a person learning to blink to the word “psychology” c. a pigeon learns to peck a key of a toy piano d. a rat learns to press a bar to receive food ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 18 78. Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house. Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot. Naturally, Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain. After Mike has repeated this procedure several times, Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush. In this example, the sound of the flushing toilet would be the a. conditioned response (CR). b. conditioned stimulus (CS). c. unconditioned response (UR). d. unconditioned stimulus (US). ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 79. Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house. Mike soon discovers tha t if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot. Naturally, Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain. After Mike has repeated this procedure several times, Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush. In this example, jumping backward to the pain of the hot water would be the a. conditioned response (CR). b. conditioned stimulus (CS). c. unconditioned response (UR). d. unconditioned stimulus (US). ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 80. Every time Lisa’s dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food. In this example, the sound of the can opener is a a. conditioned response (CR). b. unconditioned response (UR). c. conditioned stimulus (CS). d. unconditioned stimulus (US). ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 81. Although Sydney was not feeling very well, she went to her favorite Chinese restaurant for lunch. After eating the food, she became very sick. Upon going to the doctor, she found out that it was a stomach virus that had made her sick, not the food. However, the next time she went to the Chinese restaurant and smelled the food, she immediately felt nauseous. In this story, the unconditioned response (UR) was a. the smell of the Chinese food. b. the stomach virus. c. getting sick due to the stomach virus. d. getting sick to the smell of the Chinese food. 19 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 82. Mollie loved to eat her grandmother’s pecan pie. However, as her grandmother got older, she had difficulty picking out all the pecan shells, so some of the pieces got cooked into the pie. When Mollie would bite into a piece of pecan shell in t he pie, she would grab her jaw in pain. After several visits eating “pecan-shell” pie, Mollie would grab her jaw before she even put a bite of pie in her mouth. The pain (of biting a pecan shell) is the a. conditioned response (CR). b. conditioned stimulus (CS). c. unconditioned response (UR). d. unconditioned stimulus (US). ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 83. After repeatedly pairing the appearance of a nurse in green scrubs with the painful experience of getting a vaccination, the patient will react every time they see a nurse in green grubs enter the room. In this example, the nurse in the green scrubs is a(n) a. conditioned response (CR). b. conditioned stimulus (CS). c. unconditioned response (UR). d. unconditioned stimulus (US). ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 84. At a party, a friend of yours keeps popping balloons with a lighted cigarette. By the time he is about to pop the fifth balloon, you notice that your muscles tense and you squint each time the cigarette nears the balloon. Obviously, a. the cigarette is a US. b. the popping sound is a US. c. squinting is a reinforcer. d. shaping has occurred. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 85. Michael is 12 years old and is undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Af ter his first chemotherapy treatment, Michael experienced nausea and vomiting. After several treatments, Michael now experiences anticipatory nausea as soon as he enters the treatment room and before he receives the chemotherapy. In this classical conditioning example, Michael’s initial chemotherapy treatment would be considered the a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned response. 20 c. conditioned stimulus. d. unconditioned stimulus. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 86. Mina is ten years old and is undergoing chemotherapy. When she goes into the treatment center for her fourth treatment, Mina experiences nausea before the treatment eve n begins. Her nausea had been triggered by the sight of the treatment room. In this example, the treatment room was the a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned response. d. unconditioned response. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Application 87. The conditioning of which of the following behaviors may be useful for distinguishing locked -in individuals from those with more severe brain damage as well as distinguishing the severely brain- damaged individuals who are minimally conscious from those who are in a vegetative state? a. tongue placement b. movement tics c. eye blinks d. lucid dreaming ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 88. Eye blink conditioning can be accomplished with individuals in a. a minimally conscious state. b. a vegetative state. c. both a minimally conscious and a vegetative state. d. neither a minimally conscious nor a vegetative state. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 89. What type of disordered conditioning did psychologist Diana Woodruff -Pak notice in patients six years before other tests on these patients showed signs of dementia? a. salivation b. nose twitch c. knee jerk d. eye blink ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 21 90. Psychologist Diana Woodruff -Pak noticed disordered eyeblink conditioning in patients six years before other tests showed any declines in memory, judgment, language, and thinking abilities associated with a. multiple sclerosis. b. dementia. c. terminal cancer. d. bipolar disorder. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 91. Which part of the brain is most involved in eye blink conditioning? a. corpus callosum b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. hippocampus ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 92. Psychologist Joseph Steinmetz and his colleagues found that people with autism, obsessive compulsive disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome, and schizophrenia show unusual a. salivation conditioning. b. eye blink conditioning. c. knee jerk responses. d. tongue placement during speech. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 93. Which of the following was NOT one of the conditions that psychologist Joseph Steinmetz found in individuals who had unusual eye blink conditioning? a. autism b. obsessive -compulsive disorder c. adjustment disorder d. fetal alcohol syndrome ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Classical Conditioning -Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? 22 OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 94. The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is termed a. acquisition. b. the instrumental step. c. shaping. d. latent learning. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.3 KEY: Fact 95. During training, a conditioned response must be established and strengthened during the period known as a. shaping. b. the instrumental step. c. acquisition. d. latent learning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 96. Classical conditioning occurs when the a. unconditioned stimulus (US) is followed by, or associated with, a conditioned response (CR). b. unconditioned stimulus (US) is preceded by the conditioned response (CR). c. neutral stimulus (NS) is followed by, or associated with, an unconditioned stimulus (US). d. unconditioned response (UR) occurs at the same time as the conditioned response (CR). ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 97. To observe conditioning, one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny’s mouth. By repeating this procedure several times, you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell. Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS. In this example, the US would be a. the lemon juice. b. the bell. c. salivation to the bell. d. salivation to the lemon juice. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.3 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 98. To observe conditioning, one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny’s mouth. By repeating this procedure several times, you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell. Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS. In this example, the CS would be a. the lemon juice. 23 b. the bell. c. salivation to the bell. d. salivation to the lemon juice. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.3 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question) 99. For optimal conditioning, the minimum delay between the CS and US should be a. a half second to five seconds. b. 15 to 30 seconds. c. 40 to 50 seconds. d. one to two minutes. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question) 100. Which of the following involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS) as an unconditioned stimulus (US)? a. acquisitional training b. higher order conditioning c. shaping d. extinction ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.4 KEY: Fact 101. In higher order conditioning, the a. US is used as if it were a CS. b. US is used as if it were a CR. c. CS is used as if it were a UR. d. CS is used as if it were a US. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.4 KEY: Concept 102. In higher order conditioning, a well-learned CS serves as which type of stimulus in a new pairing situation? a. neutral stimulus 24 b. unconditioned stimulus c. discriminating stimulus d. dual conditioned stimulus ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.4 KEY: Fact 103. Three-year-old Josh has been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell. We now clap our hands and then ring the bell. Little Josh will soon learn to salivate when we clap our hands because of a. the law of effect. b. shaping. c. higher order conditioning. d. instrumental conditioning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.4 KEY: Application 104. Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by a. pairing images which evoke good feelings with pictures of their products. b. sounding loud tones at key points in the advertisement. c. reducing fear or anxiety as they repeatedly show the same commercial. d. repeating the same slogan over and over again. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.4 KEY: Concept 105. A nurse elicits fear and anxiety as a result of being present when a child received a shot. If this same nurse is paired with a thermometer, the child may also lear n to fear the thermometer. This situation demonstrates a. higher order conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. vicarious conditioning. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.4 KEY: Application 106. Justin became fearful of doctors and nurses because doctors and nurses were paired with painful shots. Justin’s doctor has his office in a round brick building. Now any round brick building will elicit fear and crying from Ju stin. Becoming fearful of round buildings because they were associated with his doctor is an example of a. shaping. b. extinction. c. vicarious conditioning. d. higher order conditioning. 25 ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.4 KEY: Application 107. In a television commercial, an advertiser shows a party scene with many college-age students having a great time. The advertiser’s product, a new lite -beer, is prominently displayed in the scene. This advertiser is hoping that his product will become associated with fun. Therefore, when a college student is in a store, he or she will associate this new beer will good feelings and fun. The advertiser is depending on which of the following to sell his product? a. higher order conditioning b. shaping c. response chaining d. extinction ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.4 KEY: Application 108. Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes, such as mental expectancies. b. Many psychologists believe that classical conditioning has cognitive origins because it is related to information that might aid survival. c. According to this informational view, we look for associations among events and thoughts about how the events are interconnected. d. During classical conditioning, the brain learns to expect that the US will follow the CS. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.5 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question) 109. The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two events is known as a. the law of effect. b. the interactional view. c. the informational view. d. latent learning. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning -Leonard Studies Lemon Juice OBJ: 6.2.5 KEY: Fact 110. Those who advocate the information view of conditioning believe the end product of conditioning to be