(Test Bank) Educational Psychology

Woolfolk, 15

Psychology

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Test Bank for Educational Psychology, The downloadable file consists of 608 pages, and the total size of the file is 3.66 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Woolfolk

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iii Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Learning, Teaching, and Educational Psychology Learning Outcome Quizzes 1 Application Exercises 13 Test Items 16 Test Answer Key 21 Licensure Quizzes 26 1 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Learning, Teaching, and Educational Psychology Chapter 1 Learning Outcome Quizzes Learning Outcome 1.1. Describe the challenges facing teachers today, including increasing student diversity, requirements of the Every Student Succeeds Act, the continuing impact of testing and accountability for teachers and students, and the emphasis on social and emotional learning. [Q1] Addison has several years of experience teaching third graders from diverse backgrounds. As one student struggles to complete a math task, Addison wonders why the task seems so difficult. She gives the student a hint about solving the task, but the hint doesn’t help. She begins to reteach the basic skill required for the task. She reminds herself with certainty that she can help the student understand and succeed. Which of the teacher’s behaviors is most directly associated with a personal sense of efficacy? 1. She wonders why the task seems so difficult for the student 2. She gives the student a hint about solving the task 3. She begins to reteach the basic skill required for the task 4. She reminds herself with certainty that she can help the student [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] A teacher may wonder about the level of difficulty of a task and yet lack a sense of efficacy. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] A teacher’s hint may help a student learn, but it is not a sign of the teacher’s sense of efficacy. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Reteaching a skill may help a student learn, but it is not a sign of the teacher’s sense of efficacy. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] A teacher’s belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn is evidence of the teacher’s sense of efficacy. [Q2] According to the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which of the following schools is considered a failing school? 1. A school in which students’ scores are in the bottom 12% of test scores 2. A school that graduates only 60% of its students [correct] 3. A school in which Native American students underperformed last year 4. A school in which African American students underperformed last year 2 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] A school at the bottom 5% of test scores is considered failing. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] A school that graduates less than two-thirds of its students is considered failing. Graduating only 60% is even worse. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] If the subgroup of Native American students consistently underperforms, then the school is considered failing. The underperformance in one year needs to be addressed, but the school is not considered failing. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] If the subgroup of African American students consistently underperforms, then the school is considered failing. The underperformance in one year needs to be addressed, but the school is not considered failing. [Q3] Bryson teaches 29 sixth-grade students in a low-income school district. He begins every day with a sponge activity to review a concept from the previous day. He follows with a goal-directed activity in which each student writes a goal for doing a positive deed that day. The next item on his daily schedule involves a rapid review of the week’s spelling words. What activity or activities emphasize social and emotional learning? 1. Sponge activity at the beginning of the day 2. Goal-directed activity for doing a positive deed [correct] 3. Rapid review of the week’s spelling words 4. Sponge activity and goal-directed activity [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] The sponge activity emphasizes academic learning. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] The goal-directed activity emphasizes doing a positive deed. Social and emotional learning builds self-awareness and social skills by doing activities such as a positive deed. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] The rapid review of the week’s spelling words emphasizes academic learning. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] The sponge activity emphasizes academic learning. [Q4] Research suggests that the best way to evaluate whether individual teachers are likely to have a long-term effect on student academic and behavioral outcomes is to assess which of the following? 1. The quality of the student–teacher relationship [correct] 3 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2. Student achievement in kindergarten and then again in eighth grade 3. The number of students who achieve proficiency on a standardized test 4. The annual progress of the school as a whole [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] The connection between teacher relationships and student outcomes is widespread. In one study, researchers concluded that the quality of the teacher–student relationship in kindergarten predicted a number of academic and behavioral outcomes through the eighth grade, particularly for students with many behavior problems. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Researchers who follow children from kindergarten through eighth grade can see long-term changes in student outcomes—but the focus here is on how to evaluate individual teachers, so the researchers need to measure some feature or characteristics of teacher behavior along with achievement at different time periods. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] The focus of this question includes behavioral outcomes, not just achievement on standardized tests. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Annual progress of the school relates more to a measure of academic achievement. The focus of this question includes behavioral outcomes. [Q5] Which of the following statements accurately represents diversity in schools today? 1. About 50% of students are Hispanic and live in poverty 2. About 30% of students have a developmental disability and go to special education classes 3. About 50% of students and 25% of teachers are Hispanic and live in urban areas 4. About 25% of students have immigrant parent/s and most have a White teacher [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Fewer than 50% of students in American classrooms are Hispanic, and Hispanic families are not among the highest minority of families living in poverty. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] About 18% of American children have a mild-to-severe developmental disability and spend most of their time in general education classes. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] A smaller percentage of American students and teachers are Hispanic. Predictions indicate that by 2045 half of the U.S. population will be members of some minority group, with about 25% being Hispanic. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] About 25% of U.S. students have at least one immigrant parent. About 80% of teachers are White, and this number is increasing. 4 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Outcome 1.2. Discuss the essential features of effective teaching, including different frameworks describing what good teachers do. [Q1] Taylor judges her success as a teacher by the accomplishments of her students. Taylor is most likely which of the following? 1. A student teacher 2. A first-year teacher 3. An experienced teacher [correct] 4. A retired teacher [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students’ needs and judge their success by their students’ accomplishments. A student teacher is more likely to focus on the mechanics of teaching. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students’ needs and judge their success by their students’ accomplishments. First-year teachers are more likely to focus on their teaching and wonder how well they are doing. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students’ needs and judge their success by their students’ accomplishments. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students’ needs and judge their success by their students’ accomplishments. Teachers typically achieve this level of expertise after several years of teaching. [Q2] According to research launched by the Gates Foundation, which of the following elements matters the most in determining teaching effectiveness? 1. Teachers [correct] 2. Technology 3. School facilities 4. Funding [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] The research shows that teachers matter; they matter more than technology or funding or school facilities. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Technology plays a key role in teaching and learning, but research shows that another element is more important in determining teaching effectiveness. 5 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] School facilities play a key role in teaching and learning, but research shows that another element is more important in determining teaching effectiveness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Funding plays a key role in teaching and learning, but research shows that another element is more important in determining teaching effectiveness. [Q3] Which of the following high-leverage practices identified by TeachingWorks is most likely to fit into Danielson’s Framework in the domain of Professional Responsibilities? 1. Implementing norms and routines for classroom discourse and work 2. Setting up and managing small group work 3. Analyzing instruction for the purpose of improving it [correct] 4. Setting long-term and short-term learning goals for students [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] This practice fits better in Domain 2 of Danielson’s Framework, Classroom Environment (managing classroom practices). [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] This practice fits better in Domain 2 of Danielson’s Framework, Classroom Environment (managing student behavior). [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Danielson includes reflecting on teaching as a component of Domain 4, professional responsibilities. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] This practice fits best in Domain 1 of Danielson’s framework, Planning and Preparation. [Q4] As a new middle school teacher, Damien is learning how he will be assessed as a teacher in his district. Based on requirements set forth in the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), Damien’s district will do which of the following in its teacher evaluation system? 1. Use TeachingWorks 19 High-Leverage Teaching Practices 2. Use Danielson’s Framework for Teaching 3. Use multiple measures of effectiveness [correct] 4. Use one method of the school board’s choosing [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] The TeachingWorks 19 High-Leverage Teaching Practices is one of the options a district may choose, but this is not a requirement of ESSA. 6 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Danielson’s Framework for Teaching is one of the options a district may choose, but this is not a requirement of ESSA. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] According to the ESSA, teacher evaluation systems must use multiple measrues of effectiveness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] One method of teacher evaluation is not enough. According to the ESSA, teacher evaluation systems must use multiple measrues of effectiveness. [Q5] As a new middle school teacher, Damien recognizes that teacher professionalism is important. Which of the following approaches to professional growth and teacher professionalism is most recommended? 1. Spend time in the teachers’ lounge talking with other teachers 2. Review the content in his discipline and grow in expertise in the field 3. Become a member of a teachers’ organization [correct] 4. Work with a mentor teacher for one semester [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Spending time talking with other teachers in the teachers’ lounge at school may or may not be insightful, but this is not a recommended approach to professional growth. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Reviewing content to become more of an expert in his field may help Damien teach effectively, but this is not a recommended approach to professional growth. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Professional growth relies on becoming a member of a community of practice. Organizations such as the National Council of Teachers of English or National Science Teachers Association are examples of professional communities of practice. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Working with a mentor teacher for one semester should help Damien learn teaching practices, but this is not a recommended approach to professional growth. Learning Outcome 1.3. Describe the methods used to conduct research in the field of educational psychology and the kinds of questions each method can address. [Q1] The principals of a middle school and a high school form a partnership to conduct a study of children's scientific reasoning as they progress from grades 5 through 12. The same students are studied on an annual basis. This type of research is referred to as: 1. cross-sectional 7 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2. experimentation 3. longitudinal [correct] 4. microgenetic [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Cross-sectional research focuses on different groups of children at different ages, not the same group at different ages (i.e., not over time). Longitudinal studies involve studying research participants over time as changes occur. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] In experimental studies, the investigators introduce changes (i.e., treatments) and note the results. Longitudinal studies involve studying research participants over time as changes occur. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Longitudinal studies involve studying research participants over many years as changes occur. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Microgenetic studies take many detailed observations of subjects to track the progression of change. Microgenetic research is not considered longitudinal; it is conducted over a short period of time, and the goal is to study cognitive processes in close detail as the change is actually happening. Longitudinal studies involve studying research participants over time as changes occur. [Q2] Ethnographic research methods may involve which of the following studies? 1. A study of the effects of an intervention program by randomly assigning students to an experimental and a control group 2. Studies based on data gathered only from audio and video recordings 3. A study of the effects of a manipulated variable 4. A study of real teachers in their everyday teaching lives [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] This describes experimental design. Ethnographic methods study the naturally occurring events in the life of a group. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Ethnographic methods involve many types of data collection including recordings, interviews, and live observations. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] When researchers manipulate variables in a study, they are usually using an experimental design. Ethnographic methods study the naturally occurring events in the life of a group. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] Ethnography is a type of descriptive research that is designed to study the naturally occurring events in the life of a group. It focuses on understanding the meaning of events to the people involved. 8 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. [Q3] Which one of the following is the best example of qualitative research? 1. Comparing average achievement test scores for students at three different schools 2. Interviewing middle school students about cliques at their school [correct] 3. Finding out how long it takes 6-year-olds to assemble challenging picture puzzles 4. Looking at school attendance records to identify potential school dropouts [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] This research involves calculations (quantitative), not specific situations with interviews and observations (qualitative). [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Qualitative research uses words, dialogue, events, themes, and images as data. Interviews and observations are key procedures. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] This research involves calculations (quantitative), not specific situations with interviews and observations (qualitative). [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] This research involves calculations (quantitative), not specific situations with interviews and observations (qualitative). [Q4] The research question, “Do students who take notes on laptops remember more from lectures than students who handwrite their notes?” is best addressed by: 1. an experimental study [correct] 2. a correlational study 3. an ethnographic study 4. a mixed methods study [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] The question can be rephrased as, “Does type of note-taking affect memory for lecture content?” This is a cause-effect question and thus is best addressed with an experimental design. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] This question addresses cause (note-taking) and effect (memory). Correlational studies don’t address cause and effect. A good example of a related correlational question is, “Do students who take MORE notes remember MORE of the lecture content?” This question shows the predictive nature of correlational studies. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Ethnographic studies involve studying the naturally occurring events in the life of a group to understand the meaning of these events to the people involved. Although researchers can 9 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. observe note-taking practices, they can’t address whether one type of note-taking is more effective than another simply from observing and interviewing the participants. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] A mixed methods study could provide data to answer this question (if it includes an experimental design as its quantitative component), but it’s not necessary. [Q5] Corrine wants to know whether the trait of shyness is stable over time among only children. Which of the following research designs would be most appropriate for this study? 1. Experimental 2. Longitudinal [correct] 3. Correlational 4. Ethnographic [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Because Corrine is not introducing a treatment and cannot assign participants randomly to groups, an experimental study is not appropriate. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Because Corrine is interested in following the same individuals over time, she should conduct a longitudinal study. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Corrine does not seem interested in the relation between shyness and another variable. Rather, she plans to study the stability of one trait over time and therefore should conduct a longitudinal study. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Ethnographic methods involve studying the naturally occurring events in the life of a group and trying to understand the meaning of these events to the people involved. Corrine’s research studies individuals who are only children. Learning Outcome 1.4. Recognize how theories and research in development and learning are related to educational practice. [Q1] In educational psychology, a theory can best be characterized as: 1. a description of the results of a particular research study 2. an objective measure of how a person behaves in a particular situation 3. an explanation of how and why learning or development occurs that can be used to make predictions [correct] 4. a statement that describes how a particular variable affects learning or development 10 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Theories are based on principles that are usually established through numerous studies. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Theories are broader. They use interrelated concepts to explain bodies of data gathered during the research process and to make predictions about the results of future experiments. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Theories use interrelated concepts to explain bodies of data gathered during the research process and to make predictions about the results of future experiments. For example, theories explain how language develops. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Theories are broader. They explain how and why learning occurs and make predictions about future results. [Q2] When a teacher makes a prediction about what will happen in her research study about the effects of a new teaching strategy on her students’ learning, she develops which of the following? 1. A correlation 2. A hypothesis [correct] 3. A principle 4. An ethnography [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] A correlation describes the relationship between two factors. The teacher first develops her research question and hypothesis that predicts what she expects to prove. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] A hypothesis is a prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research. The teacher’s research begins with her research hypothesis. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] A principle is an established relationship between factors. The teacher first develops her research question and hypothesis that predicts what she expects to prove. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] An ethnography is a particular type of research. This teacher first develops her research question and hypothesis that predicts what she expects to prove. [Q3] An “empirical question” is one that can be answered: 1. only with a quantitative study 2. only after multiple studies show the same results 3. only based on analysis of the evidence [correct] 11 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4. only if the initial hypothesis is supported [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Empirical means “based on data,” but data can come from qualitative and from quantitative studies. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Multiple converging studies can lead to the identification of principles, but an empirical question can be (at least tentatively) answered even with a single study. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Empirical means “based on data.” Empirical questions can be contrasted with hypothetical or theoretical questions, which don’t require collection and analysis of evidence to answer. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Sometimes the data suggest the original hypothesis was wrong, or even the exact opposite of the original hypothesis. In those cases, we might still have an answer to the empirical question, even if it’s not the answer we expected. [Q4] What is the main difference between a theory of teaching and a set of principles for teaching? 1. A theory is helpful for understanding but too vague to be used in the classroom. 2. A theory is subject to change and adaptation while a set of principles is established and inflexible. 3. A theory of teaching will help only advanced teachers; new teachers should stick to a set of principles. 4. A theory provides a broad guideline or explanation for how and why we teach. A set of principles provides specific rules for individual situations. [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Theories are helpful for understanding, but they are also helpful for seeing classroom situations in new ways. A set of principles provides guidance for everyday classroom use. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Both theories and principles should be somewhat flexible, to allow for changing situations. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] A theory of teaching is an important tool for both advanced teachers and new teachers. Similarly, both advanced teachers and new teachers can benefit from a set of classroom principles. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] A theory of teaching is like a mission statement for the broad goals and purposes of any one teacher, or of teachers in general. Principles help address specific problems. 12 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. [Q5] Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis? 1. “Teachers who are paid more are more effective than teachers who are paid less.” [correct] 2. “This study includes both qualitative and quantitative data to explore whether the whole-language approach is better than the phonetics approach to reading for first-graders.” 3. “Which writing prompts seem to encourage the most creative writing in my class?” 4. “This research is designed to address whether older or younger adolescents are more influenced by television advertising.” [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] This is a hypothesis because it is a prediction about the outcome of a study (e.g., comparing teachers with high salaries to those with low salaries). Remember that a hypothesis is a prediction, not a certainty—teacher pay may be entirely unrelated to teacher effectiveness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Hypotheses involve predictions about the outcome of a study. In this example, there’s no stated prediction about which approach is better, only a statement that a comparison will be made. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Hypotheses involve predictions about the outcome of a study. In this example, there’s no stated prediction about which prompts may encourage more creative writing, only a suggestion that a comparison may be made. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Hypotheses involve predictions about the outcome of a study. In this example, there’s no stated prediction about which group of adolescents would be more influenced, only a suggestion that a comparison may be made. 13 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Application Exercises Application Exercise 1.1: Students Today: Dramatic Diversity Learning Outcome 1.1. Describe the challenges facing teachers today, including increasing student diversity, requirements of the Every Student Succeeds Act, the continuing impact of testing and accountability for teachers and students, and the emphasis on social and emotional learning. Reference: Pearson eText Video Example 1.1 INSERT in Students Today on p.4 URL: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/_blue-top_640x360_ccv2/ab/streaming/myeducationlab/powell/P_I01_School_Staff.mp4 [Q1] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.1 to answer the following question: Identify at least six types of diversity mentioned in the first section of Chapter 1 that are found among students in today’s American schools. [Q1 Model Response] Types of diversity among students include languages, cultures, races, ethnicities, socioeconomic levels, ability levels, skill levels, varied disabilities, and families. Many other aspects of diversity exist, but this list identifies some of them. [Q2] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.1 to answer the following question: What kinds of diversity must Whitewater Middle School (described in this video) address in order to teach their 853 students? [Q2 Model Response] Whitewater Middle School must provide effective learning for students with special needs including students in specialized classrooms such as students with autism and others with disabilities who are included in general education. The school must provide for the needs of students from a range of socioeconomic levels including students from struggling families. The school meets the needs of students who are performing at a wide range of levels of proficiency and students who have challenges outside school including behavioral challenges. The school addresses learning needs of English learners and students who lack prerequisite skills for grade-level proficiency. [Q3] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.1 to answer the following question: To what extent does Whitewater Middle School seem to be representative of the normal diversity in American schools today? Explain. [Q3 Model Response] Whitewater Middle School seems to represent the middle of the curve or the normal range of diversity. Many of the types of diversity described in the textbook mirror the diversity described Commented [S2]: Highlights are retained as per input, please check it globally. Commented [S3]: Links are needed or not, please check it globally. 14 Copyright © 2023 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. by the Whitewater Middle School principal. Whitewater does not represent extremes on the scale of socioeconomic levels of students (not extreme poverty or wealth) or the extremes among cultural groups and languages (not all one race and language and not many different races, immigrant groups, and languages). Apparently students represent a range of academic abilities, and the school works with a range of exceptionalities. Application Exercise 1.2: Good Teaching Learning Outcome 1.2. Discuss the essential features of effective teaching, including different frameworks describing what good teachers do. Reference: Pearson eText Video Example 1.4 INSERT in TeachingWorks page 11 URL: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/_blue-top_640x360_ccv2/ab/streaming/myeducationlab/educationalpsychology/woolfolk/reasonableness_in_math_edit03252014.mp4 EDIT. Start at the beginning. End at TC 4:36 “…and that’s how we got it.” [Q1] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.4 to answer the following question: Based on the TeachingWorks 19 high-leverage teaching practices listed in Table 1.1 in the textbook, what does this math teacher do that aligns with item #13, “Setting short-term learning goals for students”? [Q1 Model Response] The teacher in this video opens her lesson with two goals. She reads and explains the goals to the students. As she proceeds through the lesson, she addresses both of the learning goals she set for students. [Q2] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.4 to answer the following question: How does this math teacher’s approach to triad formation and triad activities relate to Table 1.1 items #3, 5, and 9? #3. Eliciting and interpreting individual students’ thinking #5. Implementing norms and routines for classroom discourse and work #9. Setting up and managing small group work [Q2 Model Response] The teacher forms triads on the basis of students’ language skills and math skills. She uses triads as a means of eliciting and interpreting students’ thinking (item #3). Students explain their thinking to the peers in their triads, and they are responsible for taking turns explaining their thinking. The teacher uses the triads frequently and smoothly as a routine part of classroom discourse and work (item 5). She simply tells students to get into their triads and talk, and the students waste no time following this routine.