(Test Bank) Social Psychology

Gilovich, 5

Psychology

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5th Edition

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Test Bank for Social Psychology, The downloadable file consists of 174 pages, and the total size of the file is 1.63 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Gilovich

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TEST BANK FOR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 5TH EDITION BY TOM GILOVICH Table of Contents 1. An Invitation to Social Psychology 2. The Methods of Social Psychology 3. The Social Self 4. Social Cognition: Thinking about People and Situations 5. Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior 6. Emotion 7. Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization 8. Persuasion 9. Social Influence 10. Relationships and Attraction 11. Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination 12. Groups 13. Aggression 14. Altruism and Cooperation Application Module 1: Social Psychology and Heath Application Module 2: Social Psychology and Education Application Module 3: Social Psychology and the Law CHAPTER 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Social psychology can be defined as the study of the of individuals in social situations. a. intuitive; behaviors b. scientific; behaviors c. scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors d. behavioral; thoughts and feelings ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 2. Which of the following Supreme Court rulings was heavily influenced by social psychological research? a. Roe v. Wade c. Marbury v. Madison b. Brown v. Board of Education d. Miranda v. Arizona ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 3. “Absence makes the heart grow fonder” and “out of sight, out of mind” are both common sayings. A(n) is most likely to conduct an experiment to identify the conditions or situations under which each of these assertions is accurate. a. personality psychologist c. sociologist b. social psychologist d. anthropologist ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 4. Sandra thinks that smiling a lot during a job interview increases a person's chances of getting a job offer. The main difference between Sandra's folk theory and social psychological theories is that social psychological theories are a. always more complicated. c. based on logic. b. almost always counterintuitive. d. put to the test. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 5. Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists because social psychologists tend to a. rely primarily on correlational research. b. argue that genetics do not exert causal effects on social behavior. c. examine the influence of situations on behaviors. d. stress individual differences in behavior. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 6. Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of the goals of social psychology? a. understanding how people in different cultures think, feel, and behave b. understanding how people control each others' behaviors c. evaluating the accuracy of folk theories about how situations influence behavior d. understanding how personality traits predispose people to respond to social situations ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Conceptual 7. Jacquie and Karen are both interested in the topic of divorce. Jacquie is a social psychologist and Karen is a sociologist. Compared to Karen, which of the following questions is Jacquie most likely to ask? a. Do different divorce laws influence divorce rates? b. Are divorce rates higher among people who are more educated? c. Why does infidelity lead to divorce? d. Is divorce more prevalent in Northern states relative to Southern states? ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Conceptual 8. Which of the following phenomena best illustrates the relationship between social influence and behavior? a. acting more cooperative when you are in a good mood (as opposed to a bad mood) b. preferring to drive with the car radio on (as opposed to off) c. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone) d. getting into more arguments when the temperature is above 80 degrees (as opposed to under 80 degrees) ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Conceptual 9. Kurt Lewin's concept, the field of forces, emphasizes that underlie(s) much of human behavior. a. genetics c. the characteristics of a situation b. physical stimulation d. natural selection ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual 10. Kurt Lewin, the founder of modern social psychology, argued that the effects of psychological forces can be understood in the same way that are understood. a. physical forces b. attribute forces c. d. personality forces armed forces ANS: A OBJ: Factual DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation 11. Research on suggests it is for people to assume that dispositions are the underlying causes of most behaviors. a. the fundamental attribution error; common b. the fundamental attribution error; uncommon c. obedience to authority; common d. obedience to authority; uncommon ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual 12. The classic Milgram study showed that about a. 1 percent of participants delivered a 330-volt shock to the “learner.” b. 10 percent of participants delivered no shocks to the “learner.” c. 20 percent of participants delivered a 450-volt shock to the “learner.” d. 60 percent of participants delivered a 450-volt shock to the “learner.” ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual 13. According to social psychologists, which of the following conditions is most likely to make someone do what an authority figure says to do—even if it involves hurting someone? a. when people know ahead of time that an authority figure will be ordering them around b. when people have been raised in abusive families c. when people can blame an authority figure for their actions d. when people are used to hurting other people ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual 14. The “Good Samaritan” study conducted by Darley and Batson (1973) examined helping behavior in seminary students at Princeton University. These students were either rushed or not rushed to get to an appointment. Results of this study showed that a. participant s who viewed religion as a means toward personal gain were less likely to help someone than participants who viewed religion as a means toward moral and spiritual values. b. when rushed, only participants who viewed religion as a means toward personal gains were less likely to help someone. c. when rushed, only participants who viewed religion as a means toward moral and spiritual values were less likely to help someone. d. the nature of participants' religious orientation did not predict helping behavior; only being rushed or not predicted helping. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual 15. Your waiter seems to be doing everything wrong. He has forgotten to take your drink order. He delivers someone else's food to your table. He does not come out and say it, but his facial expressions seem to say he'd rather be someplace else. If you assume his behavior is caused primarily by , your assumption is consistent with the fundamental attribution error. a. channel factors b. situational factors he can control c. his disposition d. situational factors beyond his control ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Applied 16. Which of the following scenarios is LEAST consistent with the fundamental attribution error? a. When someone swerves into your lane while driving, you think to yourself, “This person is a terrible driver!” b. When someone at a party smiles at you, you think to yourself, “This person smiles at everyone.” c. When you slip and fall down at a shopping mall, you think to yourself, “I was born clumsy!” d. When someone talks loudly to his or her friend on the bus, you think to yourself, “This person might be talking to someone who has a hearing problem.” ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Applied 17. The president of a fraternity wants to increase the number of fraternity members who volunteer for nonprofit organizations in the community. Kurt Lewin's concept of channel factors suggests th e president should a. induce guilt among members who are not currently volunteering. b. provide information about when and how members might volunteer. c. offer a prize to the member who volunteers the most hours. d. ask members to publicly commit to a particular volunteering opportunity. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Applied 18. Which of the following concepts is most relevant to people who want to get someone to act on his or her intentions? a. channel factors c. tension systems b. the fundamental attribution error d. naturalistic fallacy ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Conceptual 19. psychology stresses the fact that objects are perceived by active, usually unconscious, interpretations of what the object represents as a whole. a. Behavioral b. Gestalt c. d. Cognitive Personality ANS: B OBJ: Factual DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal 20. The term construal refers to a. an expectation about how group members should behave. b. a personal interpretation about situations and other people's behaviors. c. perceiving situations by means of an automatic registering device. d. generalized knowledge about the physical and social world. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Factual 21. Schemas are important because they a. are elaborate stores of systematized knowledge. b. guide our expectations for a wide range of situations. c. influence our judgments. d. All of the above are true. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Factual 22. Pro–affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to , whereas anti–affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to . a. fairness; diversity. c. African Americans; Caucasians. b. diversity; fairness. d. Caucasians; African Americans. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Factual 23. Judy is always complimenting people she works with. Bob, one of Judy's best friends, thinks that Judy is genuinely thoughtful and friendly. Sarah, who does not know Judy well, thinks that Sarah is shallow and fake. This example suggests how friendship influences a. behaviors. b. personality. c. d. construals. folk theories. ANS: C OBJ: Applied DIF: Medium REF: The Role of Construal 24. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how a construal can be changed by a life event? a. Lisa got a “B” on her paper and jumped for joy. When she learned that her friends got a better grade, she cried over her “B.” b. Lisa got a “B” on her paper and felt confused. She decided to ask her teacher why she did not receive a higher grade. c. Lisa worked on her paper for ten days. She cried when she found out she got a “B.” d. Lisa cried when she got a “B” on her paper, even though she knew the paper was not all that great. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Applied 25. According to research discussed in the t extbook, which of the following methods is most clearly suited for testing whether construals exert a causal effect on game performance? a. manipulating the name of a game b. manipulating room temperature during the game c. manipulating moods after a game has been played d. manipulating the age of study participants ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Applied 26. Professor Hansen expects that students will sit quietly and take notes during his large lecture course. Thus, a student who talks in class and never opens a notebook violates Professor Hansen's about students. 27. 27. 28. The mind processes information in two different ways when you encounter a social situation. Automatic processing is often based on , whereas controlled processing is often based on . a. careful thought; emotional factors. b. emotional factors; careful thought. c. dispositional factors; situational factors d. situational factors; dispositional factors. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing a. theory of mind b. automaticity c. d. construal schema ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Conceptual A stereotype is best characterized as a type of . a. schema. c. attribution. b. channel factor. d. theory of mind. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Conceptual OBJ: Factual 29. Studies that show that unprejudiced people can still show negative implicit attitudes toward people of different races highlight the importance of distinguishing between a. conscious and unconscious processing. b. unconscious and automatic processing. c. conscious and explicit processing. d. stereotypes and schemas. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing OBJ: Conceptual 30. The main difference between unconscious processes and controlled processes is that unconscious processes a. are more accurate. b. run only serially. c. are more likely to influence behavior. d. can operate in parallel. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing OBJ: Factual 31. Research conducted by Bargh, Chen, and Burrows (1996) illustrates how seemingly trivial aspects of a situation can influence behavior in ways that people are not aware of. These researchers showed that a. people will walk more slowly after hearing words related to the elderly (for example, “cane,” “Florida”) than words unrelated to the elderly. b. when people encounter novel stimuli with their arm extended away from their body, their attitudes toward these stimuli tend to be more favorable than when their arm is flexed (bent back toward the shoulder). c. people are more cooperative when they play “The Wall Street Game” than the “Community Game.” d. people process different facial features in parallel. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing OBJ: Factual 32. You are driving home from school, and suddenly you realize that you haven't noticed anything you've driven past for the last few minutes. Which type of unconscious processing is this? a. Explicit processing. b. Generating beliefs without being aware of the cognitive processes involved. c. Schema -based processing. d. Skill acquisition. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing OBJ: Factual 33. While boarding a plane, Doug feels fear when he notices another passenger sitting in his seat looking agitated and sweating profusely. In this situation, a. his emotional reaction is probably controlled by careful, systematic thought. b. his emotional reaction probably occurs before careful, systematic thought takes over. c. careful, systematic thought is probably controlled by his emotional reaction. d. careful, systematic thought probably occurs before his emotional reaction takes over. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing OBJ: Conceptual 34. operates to mold animals and plants so that traits that enhance the probability of survival are passed on to subsequent generations. a. Social Darwinism c. Natural selection b. Naturalistic fallacy d. Connectionism ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 35. Which of the following practices do people share with animals, especially higher primates? a. facial expressions c. wariness around spiders b. group living d. Both a and b are correct. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 36. The naturalistic fallacy refers to the claim that a. things should be different from the way they are now. b. people can overcome many things they are predisposed to do. c. the process of evolution can select for disadvantageous characteristics. d. the way things are is the way they should be. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 37. The text describes a study in which children were shown a candy box with the lid closed. The researcher asked them to predict what was in the box. Naturally, the children said, “Candy.” Next, the researcher showed the children that, in reality, there were pencils in the box. Finally, the researcher asked the children to predict what a friend will say is in the box. tend to say . a. Normal 4-year-olds; “pencils.” b. Normal 4-year-olds; “candy.” c. Autistic 4-year-olds; “candy.” d. Autistic 4-year-olds; nothing, because they have not acquired language. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 38. According to evolutionary theory, males put investment in their offspring than females because males . a. less; have more opportunities to produce offspring. b. more; have fewer opportunities to produce offspring. c. less; are more likely to die before their offspring reach maturity. d. more; are less likely to die before their offspring each maturity. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 39. One of the most commonly used social neuroscience techniques is known as functional magnetic resonance imaging. This technique detects to determine which parts of the brain are active during certain activities. a. electrical activity c. blood flow b. radio activ e isotopes d. neurotransmitter levels ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 40. Why is Social Darwinism a distorted application of Darwin's theory? a. It assumes that some groups of people are more deserving of survival than others. b. It assumes that many characteristics that people share are the result of natural selection. c. It assumes that some groups of people are stronger than others. d. It assumes that many human behaviors and institutions are universal. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Conceptual 41. Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the evolutionary perspective? a. People share many practices and institutions with animals, especially higher primates. b. Behavioral propensities are subject to selection pressures. c. Physical characteristics are subject to selection pressures. d. What we are biologically predisposed to do is what we inevitably will do. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Conceptual 42. Theory of mind is important for group living because it a. is necessary for language acquisition. b. can treat autism. c. can prevent misunderstandings that could lead to aggression or death. d. decreases selection pressures. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Conceptual 43. What advantage do social neuroscience techniques (such as functional magne tic resonance imaging) have over other research methods used in social psychology? a. Neuroscience techniques distinguish between proximal and distal causes of behavior. b. Neuroscience techniques correlate social behavior with regions of brain activity. c. Neuroscience techniques distinguish between cultural and evolutionary causes of behavior. d. Neuroscience techniques correlate individual behavior with evolutionary causes. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Conceptual 44. In an individualist culture, a person's sense of self tends to be based largely on a. personal achievements. c. political or religious values. b. bringing credit to his or her family. d. group membership. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Factual 45. Societies may differ from each other in many ways, but it is important to recognize that a. there are still regional and subcultural differences within any large society. b. people living within the same society tend to think and behave similarly. c. there are few individual differences within a society. d. broad generalizations about psychological differences between societies rarely are supported by research findings. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Applied 46. In the United States, a large luxury sedan is marketed by the slogan, “Feel good about yourself. Drive a Lexmark.” According to broad generalizations surrounding the individualist -collectivist distinction, why might this slogan be less successful in Japan? a. because people in Japan already have extremely high levels of self-esteem b. because people in Japan do not have a strong need to feel good about themselves c. because people in Japan are less materialistic than Americans d. because people in Japan prefer smaller, more intimate cars ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Applied 47. Which of the following is a fundamental difference between individualist and collectivist cultures? a. Independent cultures tend to value status and success, whereas collectivist cultures do not. b. Independent cultures have few social norms, whereas collectivist cultures do. c. Independent cultures tend to view relationships with other people as voluntary, whereas collectivists do not. d. Independent cultures tend to emphasize hierarchical relationships with others, whereas collectivist cultures do not. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Cul ture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Conceptual 48. Which statement is most consistent with the beliefs of an individualist culture? a. Eat, drink, and be merry. b. Live by the sword, die by the sword. c. Different strokes for different folks. d. The nail that stands out gets pounded down. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Conceptual 49. Pat has listed ten things that describes who he is. The first three are, “I am a son,” “I am fun when I am with my friends,” and “I am a manager.” Pat is most likely part of an culture. a. evolutionary c. interdependent b. independent d. universal ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Applied 50. A reader for American schoolchildren from the 1930s shows a little boy running, whereas a reader for Chinese children from the same time period shows a boy with his brother. According to the textbook, what cultural difference does this highlight? a. Individua listic cultures place a higher value on self-esteem than collectivistic cultures. b. Individualistic cultures emphasize action, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships. c. Individualistic cultures emphasize active relationships, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize passive relationships. d. This example does not relate to any consistent cultural difference. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Conceptual TRUE/FALSE 1. Social psychologists test intuitions by crafting experiments that isolate the causes of behavior in social situations. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 2. Channel factors can appear to be unimportant on the surface but have significant consequences for behavior. ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual 3. People tend to believe that behaviors are caused by situational factors as opposed to dispositional factors. ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Applied 4. In the Milgram experiment, over 60 percent of the participants delivered the highes t shock possible to the “learner.” ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Applied 5. Schemas are stores of generalized knowledge about the physical and social world. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Factual 6. Conscious processes are generally fast and can operate in parallel. ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing OBJ: Factual 7. The claim that the way things are is the way they should be is known as the naturalistic fallacy. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 8. The evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin assumed that natural selection is important for physical characteristics but NOT for behavioral propensities. ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 9. The theory of parental investment predicts that males will invest large quantities of energy after copulation in the rearing of offspring. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Applied 10. Personal uniqueness is an important aspect of self -definition among people living in interdependent cultures. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Conceptual SHORT ANSWER 1. Define social psychology and explain how this field differs from the fields of personality psychology and sociology. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 2. What is a channel factor? How is this concept relevant to health -care usage? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Conceptual 3. Explain Kurt Lewin's concept of the field of forces. Discuss how this concept is relevant to the goals of social psychology. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Conceptual 4. While you are having dinner at a restaurant, your waiter is rude and makes snide comments. What would the fundamental attribution error predict about the cause to which you will attribute the waiter's behavior? Why would you be likely to make this error? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Conceptual 5. What is a construal? Describe two different ways in which a person might construe the same situation. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Factual 6. Compare and contrast schemas and stereotypes. In addition, describe two ways in which schemas might influence behavior in social situations. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Conceptual 7. Explain what controlled and automatic processes are and give one example of each. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing OBJ: Applied 8. What is the naturalistic fallacy? Explain how this phenome non is relevant to racism. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 9. Describe two aspects of emotion that appear to be universal —that is, common across many different cultures. Why, according to the evolutionary perspective, would different cultures manifest these commonalities? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Applied 10. Summarize the differences between interdependent and independent cultures. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Factual CHAPTER 2: The Methods of Social Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. All of the following are examples of resources used in archival research EXCEPT a. police reports. c. firsthand observations of behavior. b. newspaper articles. d. databases. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Do Soci al Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 2. Interviews and written questionnaires are parts of which type of research method? a. observation c. experiment b. correlation d. survey ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 3. A social psychologist finds a relationship between lower socioeconomic status and the likelihood of being divorced. This study most likely describes which type of research method? a. observational b. archival c. d. experimental correlational ANS: D OBJ: Factual DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? 4. A study that is conducted over a long period of time with the same population is known as a(n) . a. observational study. c. cross -sectional study. b. longitudinal study. d. mixed design study. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 5. Experiments are different from other research methods in that they encompass which of the following components? a. control group b. independent variable c. random assignment d. All of the above choices are components of experiments. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 6. The independent variable in an experiment is the variable that is a. manipulated and is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome. b. the variable that is measured. c. compared with the experimental condition. d. an indication of the degree of the relationship between two variables. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 7. In an experiment, the control condition is a. manipulated and is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome. b. the variable that is measured. c. compared with the experimental condition. d. an indication of the degree of the relationship between two variables. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 8. The dependent variable in an experiment is the variable that is a. manipulated and is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome. b. the one being measured. c. compared with the experimental condition. d. an indication of the degree of the relationship between two variables. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 9. The primary difference between natural experiments and standard experiments is that n atural experiments a. do not involve independent variables. b. do not involve dependent variables. c. typically involve random assignment of individuals. d. do not typically involve random assignment of individuals. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 10. Which of the following best describes a research study that randomly assigns people to different conditions and carefully controls all of the other circumstances so that they will be the same or very similar between the two conditions? a. experiment c. survey b. correlation d. observation ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 11. When random sampling is used, it means that a. people are selected based on a specific trait. b. every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected. c. some members of a population are more likely than others to be selected. d. all members of the population are sampled. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 12. Which of the following is the best example of observational research? a. living with a group of people and observing their behavior b. reviewing historical records to find trends in behavior patterns c. examining the relationship between two variables d. randomly assigning people to different situational conditions and observing their behavior ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 13. Which of the following would be an example of random sampling in a survey designed to learn more about college students? a. asking students to fill out a survey in a campus magazine and then mail it to the investigators b. tossing a coin to determine who will be surveyed from a list of all students enrolled c. surveying all customers who visit a particular coffee shop on campus d. All of the above choices are examples of random sampling. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 14. What is one of the most important differences between correlational and experimental research designs? a. Experiments measure the degree of the relationship between two variables. b. Correlations only examine one variable. c. Experiments use random assignment. d. It is impossible to determine cause by doing an experiment. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 15. Which of the following correlations indicates the lowest degree of relationship between two variables? a. 1.0 c. 0.6 b. 0.8 d. 0.2 ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 16. Which of the following scatterplot graphs displays the highest degree of relationship between variables? a. c. b. d. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 17. Which of the following research methods is the best way to identify a causal relationship between two variables? a. observation c. correlation b. archive d. experiment ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 18. The textbook describes an experiment by Darley and Batson (1973) that looked at willingness to help in seminary students. In one condition, participants were made to hurry from one building to another by being told that they were late for the experiment. In the other condition, participants were only told to go over to another building in order to start the experiment. Both groups encountered a person lying on the ground on their way to the other building. The experimenter observed the participants from both groups and counted the number of people who stopp ed to check on the person lying on the ground. It was found that the participants who were in a hurry stopped much less frequently than the participants who were not in a hurry. In this experiment, what was the independent variable? a. being made to hurry from one building to another b. the person lying on the ground c. the number of people stopping to check on the person lying on the ground d. going from one building to another ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 19. A researcher examines the galvanic skin response (GSR) of people holding a clear plastic jar containing a spider. She compares the GSRs of people with spider phobias with the GSRs of people without spider phobias. In this experiment, the galvanic skin response functions as . a. an independent variable. c. a control group. b. a dependent variable. d. random assignment. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 20. The textbook describes an experiment by Darley and Batson (1973) that looked at willingness to help in seminary students. In one condition, participants were made to hurry from one building to another by being told that they were late for the experiment. In the other condition, participants were only told to go over to another building in order to start the experiment. Both groups encountered a person lying on the ground on their way to the othe r building. The experimenter observed the participants from both groups and counted the number of people who stopped to check on the person lying on the ground. It was found that the participants who were in a hurry stopped much less frequently than the pa rticipants who were not in a hurry. In this experiment, what was the dependent variable? a. being made to hurry from one building to another b. the person lying on the ground c. the number of people stopping to check on the person lying on the ground d. going from one building to another ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 21. The problem with self-selection in research is that a. people often choose the experimental condition in which they want to participate. b. people often overestimate their own contributions to the research. c. it makes causal interpretations difficult. d. it violates ethical guidelines. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 22. A study shows that people who watch the local evening news believe the world is more dangerous than do people who do not watch the evening news. On the basis of this study, a newspaper reporter concludes that watching the evening news leads people to believe the world is more dangerous than it actuall y is. This is a flawed conclusion because a. the reporter has a bias because he works for the newspaper. b. it confuses a correlational relationship with a causal relationship. c. it fails to compare evening news viewers with newspaper readers. d. one study does not provide enough evidence to make this type of conclusion. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 23. A biased sample would most likely result in which of the following? a. invalid conclusions based on the survey results b. a violation of ethical principles in research c. a valid interpretation of the data d. too large a sample size ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 24. It is very common for magazines to conduct surveys in which readers voluntarily fill out survey cards and mail the cards to the publisher. The main problem with conducting a survey in this manner is that . a. some of these surveys will be lost by the postal service. b. people are not truthful when filling out anonymous surveys. c. mail-in surveys are generally not as effective as surveys conducted over the Internet. d. people who respond to the survey are likely to be different from those who do not respond. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 25. Experiments are the best research method for finding causal relationships between variables because they incorporate and into their design. a. control groups; self-selec tion b. control groups; random assignment c. external validity; dependent variables d. independent variables; informed consent ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 26. Random assignment is an important aspect of experiments because it a. allows for more statistically significant results. b. is consistent with institutional review board policies. c. ensures fairness because everyone has an equal chance for selection. d. cancels out individual differences and reduces selection biases between groups. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 27. If a research group plans to conduct a survey poll about an upcoming presidential election in the United States, what is the minimum percentage of all likely voters that will be needed to obtain an accurate estimation of voter opinion, assuming that a rand om sample is obtained? a. 2 percent c. 50 percent b. 20 percent d. 80 percent ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 28. You read the results of a survey that reports that two -thirds of Cosmopolitan readers lost weight by “going vegan.” You should not give the report of this survey much credence because a. not everyone in this survey was equally likely to be surveyed. b. it confuses a correlational relationship with a causal relationship. c. people who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not. d. All of the above choices are reasons that the survey results should not be trusted. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 29. Which of the following is a potential limitation of correlational research? a. We can never be sure about causality. b. The degree of the relationship cannot be inferred. c. Independent variables can be manipula ted. d. There is no allowance for self-selection of participants. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 30. Which of the following indicates the highest degree of relationship between variables? a. – 0.9 c. – 0.6 b. + 0.8 d. – 0.2 ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 31. An experiment that is set in the real world, and in which the participants themselves are usually unaware that they are participating in a research study, is usually described as a . a. longitudinal study. c. field experiment. b. laboratory experiment. d. correlational study. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Factual 32. If an experiment produces reliable results, what does this mean? a. There is a low probability of obtaining these results by chance alone. b. The independent variable had a strong effect on the dependent variable. c. It is likely to yield consistent results. d. There is a strong correlation between some measurement and what that measurement is supposed to predict. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Factual 33. When there is a high correlation between a measurement instrument and the outcomes that the instrument is supposed to predict, then this instrument is said to be high in _. a. measurement validity c. reliability b. internal validity d. statistical significance ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Factual 34. If a social psychology experiment is conducted that has very little relation to real -life experience or situations, then this experiment would be said to be low in . a. external validity c. reliability b. internal validity d. statistical significance ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Conceptual 35. When an experiment has poor internal validity, which of the following might be of concern? a. The results of the experiment may not relate to real-world situations. b. It might be difficult to determine if the independent variable was what produced the result. c. The observed results may not be statistically significant. d. The results may not be practically significant. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Conceptual 36. Social psychologists will often run pilot studies that are very similar to actual experiments that they intend to run later but that differ in that participants are used as consultants to check that the experiment instructions are understandable, that the scenarios are believable, and so forth. Running a pilot study such as this particularly helps to increase the of an experiment. a. external validity c. reliability b. internal validity d. statistical significance ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Applied 37. Random assignment is a crucial component of experiment design. Failing to use random assignment when placing participants into groups would have the most effect on the of an experiment. a. external validity c. measurement validity b. internal validity d. statistical significance ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Conceptual 38. A social psychologist conducts an experiment and finds a statistically significant result. This means that a. the probability of obtaining this finding by chance alone is less than some quantity. b. the probability of obtaining this finding by chance alone is greater than some quantity. c. the experiment is very high in external validity. d. the experiment is very low in external validity. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Conceptual 39. One of the primary reasons field experiments are conducted is that they a. are logistically very easy to carry out. b. are very high in external validity. c. incorporate a high degree of experimental control. d. usually result in statistically significant results. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Conceptual 40. High school seniors are given a test that is supposed to predict scholastic performance during the first year of college. When the test results are compared with the students' actual first-year performance, there is no correlation between the test scores and performance. This is an example of poor . a. statistical significance c. measurement validity b. reliability d. internal validity ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Conceptual 41. A statistically significant result depends on which two factors? a. the size of the difference between groups and validity of the experiment b. the size of the difference between groups and the number of cases it is based on c. the validity of the experiment and the number of cases it is based on d. the validity of the experiment and the number of dependent variables the study used ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Conceptual 42. An intervention is a. a debriefing review conducted at the conclusion of an experiment. b. a punishment delivered to a person. c. an effort to change a person's behavior. d. a measure taken by psychologists to minimize bias in study results. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Factual 43. A group of social psychologists are working on a research project with the aim of promoting condom use as a way to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. This type of research project is probably best described as a. basic science. b. applied science. c. d. pseudo -science. hard science. ANS: B OBJ: Applied DIF: Medium REF: Basic and Applied Research 44. Research in basic science aims to a. solve real-world problems. b. understand simple questions in science. c. solve difficult questions in science. d. understand a phenomenon in its own right without concern with real-world issues. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Conceptual 45. The social psychologist Carol Dweck found that people who believe that intelligence is a matter of hard work actually study harder in school and get better grades. She used this finding to design an academic success program targeted to minority junior high school students. What does this illustrate about the connection between basic and applied research? a. Basic research always has to come before applied research. b. Applied research is not useful without also engaging in basic research. c. Basic and applied research should not be conducted by the same person. d. Basic research can lead to theories used to design applied interventions. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Conceptual 46. An institutional review board (IRB) has reviewed a study and determined that participating in the study will likely make the participants feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. According to the textbook, could the IRB decide to allow the researchers to begin this study? a. No; making participants uncomfortable is never acceptable. b. Yes; the IRB examines only whether participants will be in physical pain. c. Yes; as long as participants are not overly harmed and the research has significant value. d. No; if any aspects of research studies are harmful in any way, IRBs cannot allow them. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Applied 47. The function of an institutional review board is to a. review university research expenditures. b. review grant proposals to ensure that they are financially feasible. c. review research proposals and judge the ethical appropriateness of the research. d. review the reliability of research findings at the institution. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Ethical Concerns in Social Psychology OBJ: Applied 48. Research conducted at universities must first be reviewed by an institutional review board; this board must include each of the following panel members EXCEPT a. a scientist. b. a nonscientist. c. a person who is not affiliated with the institution. d. a government official. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Ethical Concerns in Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 49. A person volunteers to participate in an experiment but is not told anything about what the experiment involved until after it was finished. The failure to inform this person about the experiment violates which ethical principle in research? a. institutional review board c. deception research b. informed consent d. debriefing ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Ethical Concerns in Social Psychology OBJ: Applied 50. Debriefing participants after an experiment is completed is always an important step in the experimental procedure. However, debriefing is particularly important when . a. deception is used. b. an institutional review board has not reviewed the study. c. a monetary reward is given. d. informed consent has not been obtained. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Ethical Concerns in Social Psychology OBJ: Conceptual TRUE/FALSE 1. The dependent variable in an experiment is the variable that is being manipulated to produce a predicted outcome. ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 2. The primary difference between natural experiments and more typical laboratory experiments is that natural experiments do not normally involve random assignment. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual 3. While conducting observational research, social psychologists often conduct additional follow -up studies to support what they have observed in the field. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 4. Assigning everyone in a population an equa l chance of being selected for a survey is not necessary for generating a random sample in a survey. ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 5. An issue of Time magazine cites a study that shows that married people are generally happier than unmarried people. Based on this study, we can assume that being married leads to being happy. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 6. Data from a study that is biased is sometimes worse than no information at all. ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 7. An experimental research study is the best way to establish a causal effect of one variable on another variable. ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 8. A field experiment is one of the best ways to ensure having good external validity in a research study. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OBJ: Conceptual 9. A research study does not need to be submitted to an institutional review board as long as the study does not use deception as part of the study design. ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: Ethical Concerns in Social Psychology OBJ: Applied 10. Using deception in social psychology experiments is never allowed because it violates the basic tenets of providing informed consent to participants. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Ethical C oncerns in Social Psychology OBJ: Applied SHORT ANSWER 1. What are the differences between a natural experiment and an experiment conducted in the laboratory? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 2. Describe the following research methods in social psychology: observational, archival, and survey. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: How D o Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 3. What is the goal of correlational research? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this type research? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of experimental research compared with other types of research methods (observational, archival, survey, and correlational)? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 5. Describe the necessary components of a good experiment.