(Test Bank) Abnormal Psychology

Hooley,Nock,Butcher, 18

Psychology

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18th Edition

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Author(s): Hooley, Nock, Butcher

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Test Bank For Abnormal Psychology Eighteenth Edition Jill Hooley, Matthew Nock, James ButcherAbnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 1: Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches Total Assessment Guide (TAG) Learning Objective Question Type Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It Introduction Multiple Choice 3, 4 1, 2 Short Answer Essay 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Multiple Choice 5, 9, 11 10 7, 8 6, 12 Short Answer 64 Essay 74 1.2 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of classification. Multiple Choice 17 13, 14, 18 15, 16 Short Answer 65 Essay 1.3 Explain how culture affects what is considered abnormal, and describe two different culture -specific disorders. Multiple Choice 19 Short Answer 66 Essay 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Multiple Choice 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 31 28, 29, 30, 33, 34 23, 24 27, 32 Short Answer 68 67 Essay 1.5 Discuss why abnormal psychology research can be conducted in almost any setting. Multiple Choice 35 36 Short Answer Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Essay 1.6 Describe three different approaches used to gather information about mental disorders. Multiple Choice 37 38 Short Answer 70 69 Essay 75 1.7 Explain why a control (or comparison group) is necessary to adequately test a hypothesis. Multiple Choice 40, 42 39, 41 43, 44 Short Answer 71 Essay 1.8 Discuss why correlational research designs are valuable, even though they cannot be used to make causal inferences. Multiple Choice 45, 50, 51 46, 47, 48, 49 52 53, 54 Short Answer Essay 76 1.9 Explain the key features of an experimental design. Multiple Choice 55, 57, 58, 59 56, 62 60, 61, 63 Short Answer 73 72 Essay Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Chapter 1: Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following individuals would most likely be a subject of specialists in abnormal psychology? a. Stacy, a college student who is consistently 15 minutes late to class b. Jason, a stock trader who rarely leaves his house c. Misha, a lab assistant who translates the vocal sounds of dolphins d. Tyree, an athlete who seeks to use visual imagery to improve his rowi ng technique Answer: b Learning Objective: None Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. Which of the following is an example of family aggregation? a. Both Jane and her husband are alcoholics. b. Jim and John, 21 -year-old friends, are both schizophrenics. c. Karen, her mother, and her grandmother have all been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. d. Kim committed suicide , apparently in reaction to her mother’s abuse. Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. What does Monique’s case , outlined in the textbook , best illustrate? a. Abnormal behavior usually produces more distress in others than in the person who engages in the abnormal behavior. b. Abnormal behavior covers a wide range of behavioral disturbances. c. Most people who suffer from abnormal behavior are quickly identified as deviant by other people. d. When people suffer from mental disorders, they are unable to work or live independently. Answer: b Learning Objective: None Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Moderate Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. What does the case of Scott , outlined in the textbook , best illustrate? a. The problems associated with higher education in America today b. That homelessness often causes psychopathology c. That some psychological conditions are “late onset” —that is, initially occurring in adolescence or young adulthood d. That lower socioeconomic status is a causal factor of psychosis Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 De scribe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5. What makes defining abnormality difficult? a. There are so many types of abnormal behavior that they can’t be accurately described. b. There is no one behavior that serves to make someone abnormal. c. Most of us are abnormal much of the time , so we cannot tell what is normal. d. Criteria for abnormality have yet to be developed. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Topic: Indicators of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic indicator of abnormality? a. Subjective distress must be present in order for a behavior, emotion, or thought to be deemed abnormal. b. A behavior, emotion, or thought that is statistically rare and desirable is considered abnorm al. c. Violating the standards of society, particularly when statistically rare , is abnormal. d. Engaging in highly dangerous activities on a regular basis reflects abnormal behavior. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Topic: Indicators of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 7. The fact that tattoos are commonplace today , while they were once viewed as abnormal , illustrates that __________. a. modern society is unlikely to change b. what is acceptable for men and women is no longer different c. American culture values independence d. the values of a society may change over time Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Topic: Indicators of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8. Brandon consistently drinks a fifth of vodka at least five times per week. This has greatly increased his chance of serious liver damage and premature death . Because he drinks at home, the behavior harms no one else. According to the DSM -5, is Brett’s behavior consistent with the definition of a mental disorder? a. Yes, because many people in society engage in this behavior b. Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that is harmful and dangerous c. No, because his behavior must also harm the well -being of others in the community d. No, because there is no evidence that his actions are out of his own control Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Topic: Indicators of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 9. In the field of abnormal psychology, what does DSM stand for? a. Disorders, Science, and the Mind b. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual c. Descriptors for the Science of the Mind d. Diagnostic Science of the Mind Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Topic: The DSM -5 and the Definition of Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 10. The current version of the DSM —the DSM -5—is __________ , and it contains a total of __________ diagnostic categories. Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 a. a complete guide to the origin, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders ; 256 b. a collection of random opinions about diagnosing mental disorders; 323 c. a fundamentally flawed collection of unfounded assumptions about mental disorders ; 415 d. a work in progress that classifies mental disorders based on what i s currently known; 541 Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Topic: The DSM -5 and the Definition of Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is produced by ________ __. a. the American Psychological Association b. the American Psychiatric Association c. the World Health Organization d. the American Medical Association Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Topic: The DSM -5 and the Definition of Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. What was the most significant challenge during the revis ion process that result ed in the DSM -5? a. Making sure that all changes recommended by each working group were included b. Ensuring that changes were limited and minimal in scope to maintain the same number of diagnoses c. Incorporating new research findings while maintaining continuity with the prevision edition d. Eliminating the influence of bias from experts in each of the working groups Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders. Topic: The DSM -5 and the Definition of Mental Disorder Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. What is the primary purpose of a classification system such as the DSM -5? a. To reduce the amount of work for the insurance industry Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 b. To provide an opportunity for clinicians to talk at length about each patient individually c. To differentiate psych ological disorders from biological disorders d. To facilitate a shared, simplified communication system across professional boundaries Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of classification. Topic: Classification and Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. Which of the following is a disadvantage to having a classification system for mental disorders? a. A classification system establishes the types of problems that mental professionals can treat. b. When labels are used to describe an individual’s behavior, important details about the person are lost. c. A classification system allows for research to advance. d. Identifying the disorder that an individual has guides treatment. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Descr ibe the advantages and disadvantages of classification. Topic: What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. Mitchell is experiencing significant challenges as a freshman in college , to the point where he is considering dropping out. He feels a sense of disgrace due to his inability to comprehend the material and is afraid he will be labeled as dumb or ignorant. What term defines Mitchell’s fears? a. Stereotype b. Shyness c. Stigma d. Sensitivity Answer : c Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of classification. Topic: What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 16. Which of the following individual s is most likely to fear the stigma of mental illness , and thus refrain from seeking medical treatment? Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 a. Kim, a 30 -year-old female b. Barry, a 57 -year-old m ale c. Traci, a 42 -year-old female d. Harold, a 23 -year-old male Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of classification. Topic: What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. As it relates to the stigma of mental illness , what is meant by “stereotyping ”? a. The reluctance of p eople to discuss their psychological problems because they are afraid others won’t like them b. The fact that p eople become sad and upset when they find out they have a mental illness c. The automatic and incorrect beliefs many have about people with a psychiatric diagnosis d. The problem of removing a diagnosis of mental illness , even if people make a full recovery Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of classification. Topic: What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18. Which of the following has been shown to reduce stigma around the mentally ill? a. Educating people that a mental illness is a “real” brain disorder b. Referring to a mental illness as a “mental disease” c. Increasing contact with individuals who have a mental illness d. Applying labels , such as “schizophrenic” or “bipolar ,” to individuals Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of classification. Topic: How Can We Reduce Prejudicial Attitudes Toward People Who Are Mentally Ill? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Le arning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline -based problem solving. 19. Martine believes that the trees on her family farm occasionally speak to her. In deciding if Martine has a mental illness or not, which of the following should first be evaluated? a. How old is Martine ? b. Is Martine’s belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture? Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 c. Do people in general consider Martine’s belief to be abnormal? d. Does her belief match any of the symptoms in the disorders in the DSM -5? Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Explain how culture affects what is considered abnormal, and describe two different culture -specific disorders. Topic: Culture and Abnormality Diffic ulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 20. What is epidemiology? a. The study of epidemics in mental disorders among the general population b. The study of organic brain diseases among different ethnic populations of a defined geographic region c. The study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health -related behaviors in a given population d. The sociological study of psyc hological disorders Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Prevalence and Incidence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. Expressed as a percentage, __________ refers to the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time. a. prevalence b. point prevalence c. point incidence d. incidence Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Prevalence and Incidence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. __________ refers to the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point of time. a. Point prevalence b. Absolute prevalence c. 1-year prevalence Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 d. Lifetime prevalence Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental di sorders. Topic: Prevalence and Incidence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. Which of the following is an example of point prevalence? a. Fifty people had panic attacks in the last year. b. Eighty people in one graduating class were diagnosed with bulimia at some time during the past four years. c. Fifteen percent of the population is currently experiencing symptoms of anxiety . d. Twelve percent of women will suffer from depressive disorder before the age of 30. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Prevalence and Incid ence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 24. The mayor of a city wants to know the number of new cases of a disorder over the past year. The mayor should ask an epidemiologist for the __________ of the disorder. a. prevalence rate b. incidence rate c. point prevalence d. acute occurrence Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Prevalence and Incidence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 25. What mental disorder in adults in the United States has the highest 1 -year prevalence rate? a. Mood disorder b. Substance -abuse disorder c. Specific phobia d. Anxiety disorder Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent me ntal disorders. Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Topic: Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 26. What individual mental disorder in the United States has the highest lifetime prevalence rate? a. Major depressive disorder b. Alcohol abuse c. Specific phobia d. Social phobia Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 27. Which of the following statement s illuminates a significant shortcoming in the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS -R)? a. Meeting diagnostic criteria is synonymous with serious impairment by the disorder. b. The lifetime prevalence rates are likely underestimated , as the NCS -R study did not assess eating disorders, schizophrenia, or autism. c. The lifetime prevalence rates are likely overestimated , as the NCS -R study assessed eating disorders, schizophrenia, and autism. d. The NCS -R data is well over two decades old , and therefore irrelevant. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Prevalence Estimates for Me ntal Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.3 Engage is innovative and integrative thinking and problem - solving. 28. Comorbidity means __________ . a. that a disorder is often fatal b. that a person has two or more disorders c. that a person has a more severe form of a disorder d. that a person is unlikely to recover from a disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent m ental disorders. Topic: Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 29. According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS -R), which of the following statement s accurately describes individuals who have a history of at least one serious psychological disorder? a. Most are effectively treated and never experience mental illness again. b. Over 50 percent of those with a disorder rated as serious have two or more other disorders. c. Few have a comorbid disorder. d. Individuals who have sought treatment for one illness are unlikely to ever experience another. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30. The most prevalent psychological disorders among adults in the United States are __________ , while __________ account (s) for the greatest percentage of the global burden of disease. a. anxiety disorders; depressive disorders b. mood disorders; tuberculosis c. substance abuse disorders; HIV/AIDS d. dissociative disorders; drug use disorders Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: The Global Burden of Disease Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psycholo gy information literacy. 31. Approximately half of those diagnosed with depression delay seeking treatment for __________. a. one to two years b. three to five years c. six to eight years d. nine to twenty -three years Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Treatment Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 32. Which of the following statement s describes an unintended consequence of the trend away from the use of traditional hospitalization for mental health care treatment? a. More insurance companies are denying treatment for mental illness. b. The majority of mental health treatments are provided on an inpatient basis. c. Over time, there has been a significant increase in inpatient beds. d. The number of prison inmates being treated for severe mental illness has increased dramatically. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Treatment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 33. The trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years has mean t that __________ . a. inpatient hospitalization in public institutions has increased b. people with psychological problems more often receive inpatient treatment than outpatient treatment c. people are hospitalized more briefly , and then treated on an outpatient basis d. the number of community services has skyrocketed Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Treatment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 34. A __________ might work with mental health clients to help resolve family problems , while a(n) __________ prescribes medications and monitors the patient for side effects. a. clinical psychologist ; occupational therapist b. psychiatric nurse ; clinical social worker c. clinical social worker ; psychiatrist d. psychiatrist; counseling psychologist Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders. Topic: Mental Health Professionals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. Abnormal Psychology 18e, Hooley/Butcher Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 35. Describing a disorder as acute means that ________ __. a. it causes very severe distress and impairment b. it causes very m ild distress and impairment c. it is a very long -lasting disorder d. it is a disorder that is short in duration Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.5 Discuss why abnormal psychology research can be conducted in almost any setting. Topic: Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 36. What does the term “etiology ” mean relative to psychological disorders? a. It concerns how culture fits in with psychological disorders. b. It concerns how family fits in with psychological disorders. c. It concerns the causes of psychological disorders. d. It concerns the treatments for psychological disorders. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.5 Discuss why abnormal psychology research can be conducted in almost any setting. Topic: Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 37. Why is it inaccurate and poor scientific judgment to make conclusions based on case studies? a. Case studies can provide little information about a disor der. b. Few patients are willing to be used as case studies. c. It is unethical. d. Conclusions based on so little data are likely to be flawed. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.6 Describe three different approaches used to gather information about mental disorders. Topic: Case Studies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.3 Engage in innovative and integrative thinking and problem - solving. 38. Carl is asked to provide information about his drinking. Despite the fact that he has had several arrests for driving while intoxicated, Carl reports that he has no problems with drinking. This is an example of __________. a. the problems with self -report data b. the problems with case studies